This dataset includes data recorded by the Cold and Arid Research Network of Lanzhou university obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Dunhuang Station from January 1 to December 31, 2018. The site (93.708° E, 40.348° N) was located on a wetland in the Dunhuang west lake, Gansu Province. The elevation is 990 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (4m and 8 m, towards north), wind speed and direction profile (windsonic; 4m and 8 m, towards north), air pressure (1 m), rain gauge (4 m), infrared temperature sensors (4 m, towards south, vertically downward), soil heat flux (-0.05 and -0.1m ), soil soil temperature/ moisture/ electrical conductivity profile (below the vegetation in the south of tower, -0.05 and -0.2 m), photosynthetically active radiation (4 m, towards south), four-component radiometer (4 m, towards south), sunshine duration sensor(4 m, towards south). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_4 m, Ta_8 m; RH_2 m, RH_4 m, RH_8 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_4 m, Ws_8 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_4 m, WD_8 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT) (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s m-2)), soil heat flux (Gs_0.05m, Gs_0.1m) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_0.05m, Ts_0.2m) (℃), soil moisture (Ms_0.05m, Ms_0.2m) (%, volumetric water content), soil conductivity (Ec_0.05m, Ec_0.2m)(μs/cm), sun time(h). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. The data were missing during Jan. 23 to Jan. 24 because of collector failure; the data during Mar. 17 and May 24 were wrong because of the tower body tilt; The air humidity data were rejected due to program error. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-6-10 10:30.
ZHAO Changming, ZHANG Renyi
This data set includes daily average data of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction, net radiance, and atmospheric pressure from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016 derived from the Integrated Observation and Research Station of the Alpine Environment in Southeast Tibet. The data set has been used by students and researchers in the fields of meteorology, atmospheric environment and ecological research. The units of the various meteorological elements are as follows: temperature °C; precipitation mm; relative humidity %; wind speed m/s; wind direction °; net radiance W/m2; pressure hPa; and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm μg/m3. All the data are the daily averages calculated from the raw observations. Observations and data collection were carried out in strict accordance with the instrument operating specifications and the guidelines published in relevant academic journals; data with obvious errors were eliminated during processing, and null values were used to represent the missing data. In 2015, due to issues related to the age of the observation probe at the station, only the wind speed data for the last 8 months were retained.
Luo Lun
The measurement data of the sun spectrophotometer can be directly used to perform inversion on the optical thickness of the non-water vapor channel, Rayleigh scattering, aerosol optical thickness, and moisture content of the atmospheric air column (using the measurement data at 936 nm of the water vapor channel). The aerosol optical property data set of the Tibetan Plateau by ground-based observations was obtained by adopting the Cimel 318 sun photometer, and both the Mt. Qomolangma and Namco stations were involved. The temporal coverage of the data is from 2009 to 2016, and the temporal resolution is one day. The sun photometer has eight observation channels from visible light to near infrared. The center wavelengths are 340, 380, 440, 500, 670, 870, 940 and 1120 nm. The field angle of the instrument is 1.2°, and the sun tracking accuracy is 0.1°. According to the direct solar radiation, the aerosol optical thickness of 6 bands can be obtained, and the estimated accuracy is 0.01 to 0.02. Finally, the AERONET unified inversion algorithm was used to obtain aerosol optical thickness, Angstrom index, particle size spectrum, single scattering albedo, phase function, birefringence index, asymmetry factor, etc.
CONG Zhiyuan
The data set collected long-term monitoring projects from multiple stations for atmosphere, hydrology and soil in the North Tibetan Plateau. The data set consisted of monitoring data obtained from the automatic weather station (AWS) and the atmospheric boundary layer tower (PBL) in the field. The sensors for temperature, humidity and pressure were provided by Vaisala of Finland; the sensors for wind speed and direction were provided by Met One of America, the radiation sensors were provided by APPLEY of America and EKO of Japan; the gas analyzers were provided by Licor of America; the soil water content instrument, ultrasonic anemometers and data collectors were provided by CAMPBELL of America. The observation system was maintained by professionals regularly (2-3 times a year), the sensors were calibrated and replaced, and the collected data were downloaded and reorganized. The data set was processed by forming a time continuous sequence after the raw data were quality-controlled. It met the accuracy level of the original meteorological observation data of the National Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The quality control included the elimination of the missing data and the systematic error caused by the failure of the sensor.
HU Zeyong
1. Data content: air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, air pressure, wind speed, average total radiation, total net radiation value and daily average water vapor pressure data. 2. Data source and processing method: Observed by American campel high-altitude automatic weather station, air temperature and humidity sensor model HMP155A; wind speed and wind direction model: 05103-45; net radiometer: CNR 4 Net Radiometer four component; atmospheric pressure sensor: CS106; Rain gauge: TE525MM. The automatic weather station automatically collects data every 10 minutes, and collects daily statistical data to obtain daily average weather data. 3. Data quality description: Data is automatically acquired continuously. 4. Data application results and prospects: The weather station is located in the middle of the glacier, and the meteorological data can provide data guarantee for simulating the response of oceanic glacier changes to global climate change in the context of future climate change.
LIU Jing
As the third pole of the Earth, the Tibetan Plateau has a significant impact on regional and global weather and climate as a heat source in spring and summer. In order to explore the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of multi-scale thermal forcing in different time on the plateau, it is necessary to establish a set of plateau heat source (collection) data based on observation data of continuous and reliable long-term observation. Based on the meteorological elements (surface temperature, surface air temperature, wind speed at the height of 10m, daily cumulative precipitation, etc.) of the 80 (32) observation stations on the Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to 2016 (1960-2016) of China Meteorological Bureau, the sensible heat(SH) and latent heat(LH) was calculated. Meanwhile, using satellite data processing to obtain the net radiation flux (RC) from 1984 to 2015 on the plateau, and then a set of quality controlled long-term plateau heat source data was obtained. This data set considers the diurnal variation of the overall heat transfer coefficient when calculating the surface sensible heat flux.
HU Wenting
The data set contains data of three stations in the middle reaches: (1) the eddy related flux observation data of point 4 in the flux observation matrix from May 31 to September 17, 2012. The station is located in the Yingke irrigation area of Zhangye City, Gansu Province, and the underlying surface is the village. The longitude and latitude of the observation point are 100.35753e, 38.87752n and 1561.87m above sea level. The height of the eddy correlator is 4.2m (after August 19, the height of the eddy correlator is adjusted to 6.2m), the sampling frequency is 10Hz, the ultrasonic direction is due north, and the distance between the ultrasonic anemometer and the CO2 / H2O analyzer is 17cm. (2) Eddy related flux data of point 12 in the flux observation matrix from May 28 to September 21, 2012. The site is located in the farmland of Daman irrigation area, Zhangye City, Gansu Province, with corn as the underlying surface. The longitude and latitude of the observation point are 100.36631e, 38.86515n and 1559.25m above sea level. The height of the eddy correlator is 3.5m, the sampling frequency is 10Hz, the ultrasonic direction is north, and the distance between the ultrasonic anemometer and the CO2 / H2O analyzer is 15cm. (3) Eddy related flux data of point 14 in the flux observation matrix from May 30 to September 21, 2012. The site is located in the farmland of Yingke Irrigation District, Zhangye City, Gansu Province, with corn as the underlying surface. The longitude and latitude of the observation point are 100.35310e, 38.85867n and 1570.23m above sea level. The height of the eddy correlator is 4.6m, the sampling frequency is 10Hz, the ultrasonic direction is north, and the distance between the ultrasonic anemometer and the CO2 / H2O analyzer is 15cm. The original observation data of the eddy correlator is 10Hz. The published data is the 30 minute data processed by the edire software. The main processing steps include: outliers elimination, delay time correction, coordinate rotation (secondary coordinate rotation), frequency response correction, ultrasonic virtual temperature correction and density (WPL) correction, etc. At the same time, the quality evaluation of each flux value is mainly the test of atmospheric stability (Δ st) and turbulence similarity (ITC). The 30min flux value output by edire software was also screened: (1) data in case of instrument error; (2) data in 1H before and after precipitation; (3) data with loss rate greater than 3% in every 30min of 10Hz original data; (4) observation data with weak turbulence at night (U * less than 0.1M / s). The average period of observation data is 30 minutes, 48 data in a day, and the missing data is marked as - 6999. Suspicious data caused by instrument drift and other reasons shall be identified with red font. The published observation data include: date / time, wind direction WDIR (?), horizontal wind speed wnd (M / s), standard deviation of lateral wind speed STD uuy (M / s), ultrasonic virtual temperature TV (℃), water vapor density H2O (g / m3), carbon dioxide concentration CO2 (mg / m3), friction velocity ustar (M / s), stability Z / L (dimensionless), sensible heat flux HS (w / m2), latent heat flux Le (w / m2), two Carbon dioxide flux FC (mg / (M2S)), quality mark of sensible heat flux QA ﹤ HS, quality mark of latent heat flux QA ﹐ Le, quality mark of carbon dioxide flux QA ﹐ FC. The quality identification of sensible heat, latent heat and carbon dioxide flux is divided into three levels (quality identification 0: (Δ st < 30, ITC < 30); 1: (Δ st < 100, ITC < 100); the rest is 2). The meaning of data time, for example, 0:30 represents the average of 0:00-0:30; data is stored in *. XLS format. For station information, please refer to Liu et al. (2015), and for observation data processing, please refer to Liu et al. (2011) and Xu et al. (2013).
XIE Zhenghui, LIU Shaomin, XU Ziwei, LI Xin
Central Asia (referred to as CA) is among the most vulnerable regions to climate change due to the fragile ecosystems, frequent natural hazards, strained water resources, and accelerated glacier melting, which underscores the need of high-resolution climate projection datasets for application to vulnerability, impacts, and adaption assessments. We applied three bias-corrected global climate models (GCMs) to conduct 9-km resolution dynamical downscaling in CA. A high-resolution climate projection dataset over CA (the HCPD-CA dataset) is derived from the downscaled results, which contains four static variables and ten meteorological elements that are widely used to drive ecological and hydrological models. The static variables are terrain height (HGT, m), land use category (LU_INDEX, 21 categories), land mask (LANDMASK, 1 for land and 0 for water), and soil category (ISLTYP, 16 categories). The meteorological elements are daily precipitation (PREC, mm/day), daily mean/maximum/minimum temperature at 2m (T2MEAN/T2MAX/T2MIN, K), daily mean relative humidity at 2m (RH2MEAN, %), daily mean eastward and northward wind at 10m (U10MEAN/V10MEAN, m/s), daily mean downward shortwave/longwave flux at surface (SWD/LWD, W/m2), and daily mean surface pressure (PSFC, Pa). The reference and future periods are 1986-2005 and 2031-2050, respectively. The carbon emission scenario is RCP4.5. The results show the data product has good quality in describing the climatology of all the elements in CA, which ensures the suitability of the dataset for future research. The main feature of projected climate changes in CA in the near-term future is strong warming (annual mean temperature increasing by 1.62-2.02℃) and significant increase in downward shortwave and longwave flux at surface, with minor changes in other elements. The HCPD-CA dataset presented here serves as a scientific basis for assessing the impacts of climate change over CA on many sectors, especially on ecological and hydrological systems.
QIU Yuan QIU Yuan
The total solar radiation and the total radiation of absorption and scattering material attenuation are measured by the international general solar radiation meter (li200sz, li-cor, Inc., USA). The measured data are total solar radiation, including direct and diffuse solar radiation, with a wavelength range of 400-1100nm. The unit of measurement is w / m2, and the typical error is ± 3% (incidence angle is within 60 °) under natural lighting. The data of sodankyl ä station in the Arctic comes from cooperation with the site and website download. The coverage time of sodankyl ä station in the Arctic is updated to 2018.
BAI Jianhui
1) The Qinghai Tibet plateau surface meteorological driving data set (2019-2020) includes four meteorological elements: land surface temperature, mean total precipitation rate, mean surface downward long wave radiation flux and mean surface downward short wave radiation flux. 2) The data set is based on era5 reanalysis data, supplemented by MODIS NDVI, MODIS DEM and fy3d mwri DEM data products. The era5 reanalysis data were downscaled by multiple linear regression method, and finally generated by resampling. 3) All data elements of the Qinghai Tibet plateau surface meteorological driving data set (2019-2020) are stored in TIFF format. The time resolution includes (daily, monthly and annual), and the spatial resolution is unified as 0.1 ° × 0.1°。 4) This data is convenient for researchers and students who will not use such assimilated data in. NC format. Based on the long-term observation data of field stations of the alpine network and overseas stations in the pan third pole region, a series of data sets of meteorological, hydrological and ecological elements in the pan third pole region are established; Complete the inversion of meteorological elements, lake water quantity and quality, aboveground vegetation biomass, glacier and frozen soil change and other data products through intensive observation in key areas and verification of sample plots and sample points; Based on the Internet of things technology, a multi station networked meteorological, hydrological and ecological data management platform is developed to realize real-time acquisition, remote control and sharing of networked data.
ZHU Liping, DU Baolong
Solar global and direct radiation are measured by radiation sensors (Model TBQ-4-1, TBS-2, China), and temperature and humidity are measured by a HOBO weather station (Model H21, onset company, USA). This dataset is solar radiation and meteorological variables, including solar globla and direct radiation in the wavelength range of 270-3200nm, unit: w/m2. The units of temperature, humidity and water vapor pressure are ℃, %, hPa, respectively. The dataset of solar radiation and meteorological elements come from the measurements of data providers. Data coverage time is 2013-2016. The data set can be used to study the solar radiation and its change mechanism in a subtropical region, China.
BAI Jianhui
Terrestrial actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems because it links the hydrological, energy, and carbon cycles. However, accurately monitoring and understanding the spatial and temporal variability of ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains very difficult. Here, the multiyear (2000-2018) monthly ETa on the TP was estimated using the MOD16-STM model supported by datasets of soil properties, meteorological conditions, and remote sensing. The estimated ETa correlates very well with measurements from 9 flux towers, with low root mean square errors (average RMSE = 13.48 mm/month) and mean bias (average MB = 2.85 mm/month), and strong correlation coefficients (R = 0.88) and the index of agreement values (IOA = 0.92). The spatially averaged ETa of the entire TP and the eastern TP (Lon > 90°E) increased significantly, at rates of 1.34 mm/year (p < 0.05) and 2.84 mm/year (p < 0.05) from 2000 to 2018, while no pronounced trend was detected on the western TP (Lon < 90°E). The spatial distribution of ETa and its components were heterogeneous, decreasing from the southeastern to northwestern TP. ETa showed a significantly increasing trend in the eastern TP, and a significant decreasing trend throughout the year in the southwestern TP, particularly in winter and spring. Soil evaporation (Es) accounted for more than 84% of ETa and the spatial distribution of temporal trends was similar to that of ETa over the TP. The amplitudes and rates of variations in ETa were greatest in spring and summer. The multi-year averaged annual terrestrial ETa (over an area of 2444.18×103 km2) was 376.91±13.13 mm/year, equivalent to a volume of 976.52±35.7 km3/year. The average annual evapotranspirated water volume over the whole TP (including all plateau lakes, with an area of 2539.49×103 km2) was about 1028.22±37.8 km3/year. This new estimated ETa dataset is useful for investigating the hydrological impacts of land cover change and will help with better management of watershed water resources across the TP.
MA Yaoming, CHEN Xuelong,
The temporal resolution of temperature and radiation data in Central Asia is monthly scale, and the spatial resolution is 0.5 degree and 0.05 degree, respectively. The GCS_WGS_1984 projection coordinate system was used. Among them, the downward short wave radiation, air temperature and vapor pressure data of GLDAS, surface temperature / emissivity data of MOD11C3, surface albedo data of MCD43C3 and ASTER_GEDv4.1 are used for radiation data calculation; the temperature data was calculated by MOD06_ L2 cloud products and MOD07_ L2 atmospheric profile data was calculated. This data is based on the advanced remote sensing algorithm and makes full use of the current high-precision remote sensing data and products, which is different from the traditional climate model for the estimation of climate elements. The data can be used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of water resources in Central Asia, analyze the supply-demand relationship of agricultural water resources and evaluate the development potential of water resources.
SONG Jinxi, JIANG Xiaohui
This data set includes meteorological data observed by the carbon flux station in the Guoluo Army Ranch in Qinghai. The temporal coverage is from 2005 to 2009, and the temporal resolution is 1 day. Meteorological and carbon flux data observation methods: vorticity-related observation instruments were used for automatic recording; biomass observation method: harvest method, weighing in a 60-degree oven for 48 hours. Both carbon flux and meteorological data were automatically recorded by the instruments and manually checked. During the data observation process, the operation of the instrument and the selection of the observation objects were in strict accordance with professional requirements, and the data could be applied to plant leaf photosynthetic parameter simulation and productivity estimation. This data contains observation items as follows: Temperature °C Precipitation mm Wind speed m/s Soil temperature at 5 cm depth °C Photosynthetically active radiation µmol/m²s Total radiation W/m²
ZHAO Xinquan
Based on the WRF model, using ERA5 reanalysis data as the initial and boundary fields, the high-resolution low-level atmospheric structure and the earth atmosphere exchange data set of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau are preliminarily obtained by the method of dynamic downscaling. The time range of this data set is from August 1 to August 31, 2014, with a time resolution of 1 hour, a horizontal range of 25 °N-40 °N, 70oE-105oE, and a horizontal resolution of 0.05 °. The data format is NetCDF, and one file is output every hour. The file is named after the date. The lower atmospheric structure data includes temperature, relative humidity, water vapor mixing ratio, potential height, meridional wind and latitudinal wind meteorological elements, with 34 isobaric surfaces in the vertical direction; the surface air exchange data set includes the upward / downward short wave radiation, upward / downward long wave radiation, surface sensible heat and flux, 2m air temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, 10m wind, etc. The data set can provide data support for the study of weather process and climate environment in the Tibetan Plateau.
Ma Shupo
As an important part of global semi-arid grassland, adequately understanding the spatio-temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) over the temperate semi-arid grassland of China (TSGC) could advance our understanding of climate, hydrological and ecological processes over global semi-arid areas. Based on the largest number of in-situ ET measurements (13 flux towers) within the TSGC, we applied the support vector regression method to develop a high-quality ET dataset at 1 km spatial resolution and 8-day timescale for the TSGC from 1982 to 2015. The model performed well in validation against flux tower‐measured data and comparison with water-balance derived ET.
LEI Huimin
This data set is the conventional meteorological observation data of Maqu grassland observation site in the source region of the Yellow River from 2017 to 2020, obtained by using Kipp&Zonen CNR4, Vaisala HMP155A, PTB110 and other instruments, with a time resolution of half an hour. Mainly include wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, downward short-wave radiation, downward long-wave radiation, precipitation.
MENG Xianhong, LI Zhaoguo
This data set is the conventional meteorological observation data of the Ngoring Lake Grassland Observation site (GS) in the source region of the Yellow River from 2017 to 2020, obtained by using Kipp&Zonen CNR4, Vaisala HMP155A, PTB110 and other instruments, with a time resolution of half an hour. Mainly include wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity（specific humidity in 2020）, air pressure, downward short-wave radiation, downward long-wave radiation, precipitation.
MENG Xianhong, LI Zhaoguo
Zoige Wetland observation point is located at Huahu wetland (102 ° 49 ′ 09 ″ E, 33 ° 55 ′ 09 ″ N) in Zoige County, Sichuan Province, with an initial altitude of 3435 m. The underlying surface is the alpine peat wetland, with well-developed vegetation, water and peat layer. This data set is the meteorological observation data of Zoige Wetland observation point from 2017 to 2019. It is obtained by using Kipp&Zonen CNR4, Vaisala HMP155A, PTB110 and other instruments. The time resolution is half an hour, mainly including wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, downward short wave radiation, downward long wave radiation.
MENG Xianhong, LI Zhaoguo
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