The data set of ice core-snow black carbon content on the Tibetan plateau (1950-2006) contains five (5) tables: 1 Xu et al. 2006 AG, 2 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_Conc., 3 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_flux, 4 Xu et al. 2012 ERL, 5 Wang et al. 2015 ACP. The data collection sites include the Meikuang glacier, Dongkemadi, Qiangyong, Kangwure, Naimona’nyi, Muztagata, Rongbuk, Tanggula Mountain, Ningjin Gangsang, Zuoqipu, and Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of the Ürüqi River. The latitudes and longitudes of the collection locations, elevations and other information are marked in the data. The main indicators of the data are location, time, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC) content and flux. Location: latitude and longitude Time: year or date OC: organic carbon EC: elemental carbon BC: Black carbon Conc.: content, unit: ng g-1 Flux: flux, unit: mg m-2a-1 The data come from the following subjects. 1. National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)：Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Remote Sensing Modeling of Global Change Sensitive Factors; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 2. National Key Basic Research Program: The Response of Formation and Evolution on the Tibetan Plateau to Global Changes and Adaptation Strategy; Person in charge: Tandong Yao; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 3. The General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China: High-resolution Carbon Black Recording in Snow Ice of the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 4. The General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Extraction of Climate and Environment Information from Ice Core Encapsulated Gas on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 5. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Snow and Ice-Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Changes on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 6. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Study on the Changes of Aerosol Emissions and Combustion in Human Activities in South Asia in the Past 100 Years; Person in charge: Mo Wang; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Observation methods: two-step heating method, thermal/optical carbon analysis method, and single-particle black carbon aerosol photometer.
XU Baiqing
A 170-cm-long sediment core was extracted from Lake Xingxinghai at a water depth of 9 m (34°50.44′N, 98°06.34′E) in January 2010 using Austria’s UWITEC platform coring equipment. Both the 210Pb/137Cs and AMS 14C (11 dating data) approaches were applicated into the age-depth model establishment using Bayesian age–depth modelling by the “Bacon” software, and the age-depth model indicates the core covers the past 7400 years. The core was sliced at 0.5-cm interval upper 3 cm and 1-cm interval for other part, finally we got 173 samples totally. Pollen grains were extracted using a procedure including the treatments with 10 % HCl, 10 % NaOH and 40 % HF, followed by a 7-μm mesh sieving and acetolysis treatment (9:1 mixture of acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid). Pollen grains were identified and counted under optical microscope, and at least 300 terrestrial pollen grains were counted for each sample. The mean temporal resolution of pollen spectra is ca. 40 year/sample. The pollen spectra include forty-eight pollen taxa, are dominated by herbaceous taxa (range: 88.5~98.9%; mean: 93.4%), such as Artemisia (up to 54.4%), Cyperaceae (up to 50.1%), Poaceae (up to 48.8%), Chenopodiaceae (up to 17.9%) and Asteraceae (up to 8.5%). Abundance of arboreal pollen is less than 5% through out the core, mainly comprised of Pinus (maximum: 4.9%; mean:1.2%) and Betula (maximum: 3.0%; mean: 0.7%). The pollen dataset includes pollen percentages for the 43 terrestrial pollen taxa together with their depths and ages, and the dataset is valuable to employed in past vegetation and climate reconstructions.
TIAN Fang, CAO Xianyong
The data includes natural remanence, thermal demagnetization and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of paleomagnetic samples in altash section in Southwest Tarim. The data is mainly used for magnetic stratigraphy in altash section. Combined with the results of isotopic dating, the chronological framework of altash section is established according to the records of geomagnetic polarity reversal in rocks or sediments and the comparison with standard polarity columns. From 2020 to 2021, members of the research group mainly used drilling rigs to drill paleomagnetic directional samples on the profile at an interval of 1 m (back to the laboratory to be processed into a 2 cm cylinder), and collected directional hand samples in individual areas (back to the laboratory to be processed into a 2 cm * 2 cm * 2 cm cube). The paleomagnetic experimental testing instrument includes two parts: 1 Rock superconducting magnetometer is used to measure the remanence and rock magnetic parameters of paleomagnetic samples; 2. Mfk kappa bridge is used to measure the magnetic susceptibility and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of geological samples. A total of 298 samples were selected at an interval of 10 m, of which 221 obtained stable remanence, with a success rate of 74%. According to the preliminary paleomagnetic results, the chronological framework of altash section in Southwest Tarim is established; After all the paleomagnetic results are tested, combined with the accurate isotopic age, the high-precision magnetic stratigraphic sequence in Southwest Tarim will be established.
ZHENG Hongbo
In order to find out the climate and environmental changes since the last interglacial period in Central Asia, the earth ring Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, taking tree rings, lakes, stalagmites and loess as carriers, conducted in-depth research on their evolution from different aspects. The tree ring group collected tree ring samples and obtained the data of tree ring width in alagan, Yuli County, Xinjiang; The lake marsh formation collected lake marsh sediments in Kashgar basin and obtained 137cs-210pb, LOI δ 18O data; The stalagmites collected by the stalagmite formation in qiongguo cave, Qinghai Tibet Plateau have obtained carbon and oxygen isotopes, test age and element test data; The comprehensive group obtained the XRF and multi parameter data of peat in Longmucuo and dangyayongcuo lakes, the particle size of Longmucuo in Lop Nur, Xinjiang and Tibet, the magnetic susceptibility of peat in Kashgar and Longmucuo lakes, and the TOC data of Zhaosu; The Loess group obtained the OSL ages, MS and carbon epitope data of the Loess of xiaoerbu, Zhaosu and Qingshuihe in Xinjiang. It provides strong scientific data support for climate and environmental changes since the last interglacial period in Central Asia.
LI Qiang , LAN Jianghu , TAN Liangcheng , LIU Xingxing , SONG Yougui
This is Northern Hemispheric (NH) annual near-surface temperature dataset during the past millennium with a 2° spatial resolution, which is produced using the paleoclimate data assimilation approach with EnSRF method, MPI-ESM-P model and 396 multi-proxies from the PAGES2k Consoritum. This dataset agrees well with several observational temperature datasets during the instrumental period, and has a similar level of reliability as the Twentieth Century Reanalysis which assimilates surface pressure observations. In addition, the dataset shows a high level of agreement with previous proxy-based reconstructions (average correlation of annual mean NH temperatures is r = 0.61). The dataset can be used to study the temperature variability over the NH and some regions of the NH during the past millennium (1000-2000 AD).
FANG Miao, LI Xin, CHEN Hans , CHEN Deliang
The growth of the Tibetan Plateau throughout the past 66 million years has profoundly affected the Asian climate, but how this unparalleled orogenesis might have driven vegetation and plant diversity changes in eastern Asia is poorly understood. We approach this question by integrating modeling results and fossil data. We show that growth of north and northeastern Tibet affects vegetation and, crucially, plant diversity in eastern Asia by altering the monsoon system. This northern Tibetan orographic change induces a precipitation increase, especially in the dry (winter) season, resulting in a transition from deciduous broadleaf vegetation to evergreen broadleaf vegetation and plant diversity increases across southeastern Asia. Further quantifying the complexity of Tibetan orographic change is critical for understanding the finer details of Asian vegetation and plant diversity evolution. *: Corresponding author
SU Tao
Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forests, mainly made up of sclerophyllous oak, Quercus section Heterobalanus (Øerst.) Menitsky, Fagaceae, represent the most typical forest type in the Hengduan Mountains. Their distribution pattern is closely related to the growth and formation of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The oldest fossil record of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus so far discovered is from the middle Miocene of the Gazhacun Formation in Namling County, southern Tibet. However, our recent discovery of leaf fossils from the upper Eocene of Lawula Formation in Markam Basin, southeastern Tibet, illustrates that their origin is nearly 20 Myr older than previously assumed. By integrating the results from geometric morphometrics, geographical range expansion, and ecological niche shifts of this section in what is now the QTP and the Hengduan Mountains, we infer that the leaves of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus were already adapted to cool and dry conditions in some local regions no later than in the late Eocene. Then, with the growth of the QTP and late Cenozoic global cooling, the expansion of cooler and drier habitats benefited the spread and development of this section and their leaves exhibited morphological stasis through stabilizing selection. Based on published fossil records and recent discoveries, we argue that Quercus sect. Heterobalanus appeared in the subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests of the southeastern margin of what is now the QTP no later than in the late Eocene. Some taxa spread westwards along the Gangdese Mountains and later the Himalaya, and others spread eastwards and southeastwards, gradually becoming a dominant group of species in the Hengduan Mountains. This dispersal route is contrary to the previous “northwards hypothesis” of this section, and further supports the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for Quercus section Ilex Loudon.
SU Tao
This paper describes a plant megafossil assemblage from the Pliocene strata of Xiangzi, Zanda Basin in the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Twenty-one species belonging to 12 genera and 10 families were identified. Studies show that the Pliocene vegetation in Zanda Basin was mostly deciduous shrub composed of Cotoneaster, Spiraea, Caragana, Hippophae, Rhododendron, Potentilla fruticosa, etc. Leaf sizes of these taxa were generally small. Paleoclimate reconstruction using Coexistence Analysis and CLAMP showed that this area had higher temperature and precipitation in the Pliocene than today, and distinct seasonal precipitation variability was established. The reconstructed paleoelevation of Zanda Basin in the Pliocene was similar to modern times. In the context of central Asian aridification, the gradual drought in the area beginning in the late Cenozoic caused vegetation to transition from shrub to desert, and the flora composition also changed.
SU Tao
By collecting the tree ring width data in the Qilian Mountain and its surrounding areas, a regional tree ring chronological network is established. On this basis, the variability of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) in the Qilian mountain area from May to August in recent 200 years is reconstructed by using the point by point reconstruction method, and the spatial resolution of the reconstruction is 0.5 * 0.5 degrees. All the data contained in this data set have passed the tests commonly used in tree ring climatology research, such as error reduction (RE), efficiency coefficient (CE) and correlation coefficient. The data can be used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of drought in Qilian Mountain and its surrounding areas in the past 200 years.
DENG Yang
The cranial appendage (headgear) is an iconic structure of modern ruminants, and four of the five extant pecoran families display morphological and physiological specialties. They probably share one origin from the same genetic basis, whereas the evolution of the cranial appendages is still debatable, especially in consideration of fossil taxa lacking headgear. Amphimoschus is an enigmatic pecoran that comprises no more than two species, mainly known from the late early/early middle Miocene of Western and Central Europe and considered not to possess any cranial appendages. Here, we present Amphimoschus xishuiensis sp. nov., discovered in the Tabenbuluk area, Gansu Province, China. The new species reveals the first evidence of cranial ornamentations in the genus, including a supraorbital bump, an antorbital protuberance and frontal thickening. In our phylogenetic analysis the genus was inferred as a basal member of the Bovoidea, and thus the cranial ornamentations of A. xishuiensis might provide insight into the early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea. They could be interpreted as weapons to defend territories in intense intraspecific or interspecific competition during the late early Miocene.
DENG Tao
Fossils of the ursid Indarctos from Withlacoochee River 4A of Florida (late early Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age, Hh2, ~ 7.5–6.5 Ma) represent the best sample of this genus in North America, including both craniodental and postcranial specimens, yet only the skull has been described. In this study, we describe the other material of this bear from the same locality and review the records of Indarctos in North America. Indarctos from Withlacoochee River 4A has dental characters in accordance with those of typical Indarctos oregonensis, but has distinctly more slender postcranial bones. Indarctos from other localities of North America contains two morphs with regards to postcranial robustness, but lacks a clear geographic pattern. Indarctos from Withlacoochee River 4A shares traits with the Old World Indarctos zdanskyi and may be its descendant in the New World. The machairodont from Withlacoochee River 4A shows typical characters (e.g., presence of distinct P4 preparastyle and mandibular flange) that allow referral to Amphimachairodus rather than to Nimravides. Its morphology also shows a stronger affinity of this population to the Old World Amphimachairodus horribilis rather than to Hh3 Amphimachairodus coloradensis. Previously, most North American records of Amphimachairodus were late Hemphillian (Hh3–4, ~ 6.5–4.5 Ma), when it co-occurred with a different ursid, “Agriotherium.” The Withlacoochee River 4A specimens provide evidence that Amphimachairodus dispersed from Asia during the Hh2. The special morphology of Indarctos and the presence of Amphimachairodus in a Hh2 fauna suggest that the environment had begun to change before the significant fauna turnover between the early and late Hemphillian.
QIGAO Jiangzuo
The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) played a crucial role in shaping the biodiversity in Asia during the Cenozoic. However, fossil records attributed to insects are still scarce from the QTP, which limits our understanding on the evolution of biodiversity in this large region. Fulgoridae (lanternfly) is a group of large planthopper in body size, which is found primarily in tropical regions. The majority of the Fulgoridae bear brilliant colors and elongated heads. The fossil records of Fulgoridae span from the Eocene to Miocene in the Northern Hemisphere, and only a few fossil species from Neogene deposits have been reported in Asia so far. Here, we report a new fossil record of Fulgoridae from the middle Eocene Lunpola Basin, central QTP. The specimen is in lateral compression, with complete abdomen, thorax, and part of the wings preserved, while most of the head is missing. It belongs to the “lower Fulgoroidea” judging by several strong lateral spines on the hind tibia and a row of teeth at the apex of the second metatarsomere. This fossil specimen is assigned to Fulgoridae by comparison with nine families of the “lower Fulgoroidea”. The specimen represents the earliest Fulgoridae fossil record in Asia and was considered a new morphotaxon based on the peculiar legs and wings. Based on the modern distribution of fulgorid and other paleontological evidence, we suggest a warm climate with relatively low elevation during the middle Eocene in the central QTP. Therefore, this new fossil record not only provides important information on insect diversity in the middle Eocene, but also gives new evidence on the paleoenvironment in the core area of the QTP from the perspective of an insect.
SU Tao
The West Kunlun region forms the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and sedimentation in this region contributed to plateau formation and its northwards expansion, as well as the development of central Asian aridification. However, the stratigraphic dating framework in this region has been ambiguous, hampering the understanding of both tectonic and environmental evolution. Here, palynological analysis was performed on the Xialafudie Formation in the West Kunlun region. Together with the palynological assemblage and megafossils found in the study section, as well as regional stratigraphic comparison, we conclude that the Xialafudie Formation was deposited during the Pliocene, and not Early Cretaceous as previously reported. The palynological assemblage of the section is mainly composed of drought-tolerant herbs and shrubs, and the percentage of conifers and broadleaved trees is very low, indicating that a dry and cold environment prevailed in the West Kunlun region during the Pliocene. Comprehensively analysed palynological data from the Tarim Basin and its surroundings show that aridification intensified in this part of central Asia during the Pliocene, as a result of long-term global cooling and regional tectonism.
SU Tao
Recent paleobotanical investigations in Vietnam provide a good opportunity to improve our understanding of the biodiversity and paleoclimatic conditions in the geological past of Southeast Asia. Palms (Arecaceae) are a diverse family of typical thermophilous plants with a relatively low tolerance for freezing. In this study, we describe well-preserved fossil palm leaves from the Oligocene Dong Ho Formation of Hoanh Bo Basin, northern Vietnam. Characters of the fossil leaves, such as a fan-shaped costapalmate lamina, an unarmed petiole, a costa slightly enlarged at the base that then tapers distally into the blade, and well-preserved amphistomatic leaves with cuticles, suggest that they represent a new fossil species, which we herein designate Sabalites colaniae A. Song, T. Su, T. V. Do et Z.K. Zhou sp. nov. Together with other paleontological and palaeoclimatic evidence, we conclude that a warm climate prevailed in northern Vietnam and nearby areas during the Oligocene.
SU Tao
Owing to the scarcity of records, the Asian evolution and migration of Diaceratherium, a large extinct genus of rhinoceros of the Teleoceratini, remain unclear. The skeleton described herein, from the early Miocene Shanwang Basin in China, is identified as Diaceratherium shanwangense, a species originally defined based on upper cheek teeth. This skeleton features a large body, short horn-bearing nasal bones, moderately retracted nasal notch at the P3 level, and the metapodials that are less massive than those in other previously identified species of Diaceratherium. Mammalian fossils reported from the Oligocene–Miocene transition of the Old World, such as Dorcatherium and Amphicyon, have indicated a migration route between Europe and Eastern Asia via Southern and South-eastern Asia, namely along the southern margins of the Tibetan Plateau. However, the fossil remains of Diaceratherium reported in this study were discovered in eastern China, which represents the second accurate record of the genus in Asia (together with its presence in Kazakhstan). Consequently, given the temporal range and geological distribution of Diaceratherium, we propose that the expansion of this genus to the eastern part of the continent occurred via a route following the northern margins of the Tibetan Plateau, which if verified, represents an alternative expansion route differing from the established routes of other mammals.
DENG Tao
As one of the largest land mammals, the origin and evolution of the giant rhino Paraceratherium bugtiense in Pakistan have been unclear. We report a new species Paraceratherium linxiaense sp. nov. from northwestern China with an age of 26.5 Ma. Morphology and phylogeny reveal that P. linxiaense is the highly derived species of the genus Paraceratherium, and its clade with P. lepidum has a tight relationship to P. bugtiense. Based on the paleogeographical literature, P. bugtiense represents a range expansion of Paraceratherium from Central Asia via the Tibetan region. By the late Oligocene, P. lepidum and P. linxiaense were found in the north side of the Tibetan Plateau. The Tibetan region likely hosted some areas with low elevation, possibly under 2000 m during Oligocene, and the lineage of giant rhinos could have dispersed freely along the eastern coast of the Tethys Ocean and perhaps through some lowlands of this region.
DENG Tao
This data including the GDGTs data and fatty acid data records of Xiada Co in the west of Qinghai Tibet Plateau during the past 2000 years. These data are obtained by the research team using organic geochemical methods. The Xiada Co sediment core was collected in the summer of 2014. The water depth of the sampling point (33.392°N、79.363°E，4373m) is about 19m. The extraction of biomarkers in lake sediments was carried out by ultrasonic extraction. The extraction and testing of compounds were carried out in the laboratory of environmental change and surface processes, Institute of Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The detection instrument of wax fatty acid compounds in sediments is gas chromatography flame ion detector (GC-FID, model: Agilent 7890a). The test instrument for GDGTs compounds is HPLC-APCI-MS (Agilent 1200 HPLC + 6100 MS), which is tested by three chromatographic columns in series. The model of chromatographic column is (hypersil gold silica, 100 mm) × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μ m). 5-methyl bgdgts isomer and 6-methyl bgdgts isomer were effectively separated by silica gel column in series. This data can provide the climatic and environmental background of human activities in the western plateau of the late Holocene, provide a basis for understanding the process and mechanism of climate change in the western Qinghai Tibet Plateau in the past 2000, and provide boundary conditions for climate simulation.
HOU Juzhi, LI Xiumei
This dataset is the biome change data of the Tibetan Plateau since the last glacial maximum which was reconstructed by using a new method. Firstly, a random forest algorithm was applied to establish a pollen-biome classification model for reconstructing past vegetation changes of the Tibetan Plateau, and 1802 modern pollen assemblages from 17 vegetation zones in and around the Tibetan Plateau were used as the training set for the model development. The random forest model showed a reliable performance (accuracy > 76%) in predicting modern biomes from modern pollen assemblages based on a comparison with the observed biomes. Moreover, the random forest model had a significantly higher accuracy than the traditional biomization method. Then, the newly established random forest model is applied to the paleovegetation reconstruction of 51 fossil pollen sequences of the Tibetan Plateau. New age-depth models were developed for these fossil pollen records using the Bayesian method, and all fossil pollen records were linearly interpolated to 500-year time slices. Finally, the spatiotemporal changes of biomes on the Tibetan plateau over the past 22,000 years at an interval of 500 years were reconstructed by using the random forest model. This dataset can provide evidence for understanding the past variation of alpine vegetation and its mechanism; provide the basis for studying the impact of past climate change on vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau; and provide boundary conditions for climate simulation.
QIN Feng , ZHAO Yan, CAO Xianyong
This data is the relevant data of biogeochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of Qaidam Basin. This set of data is mainly based on the research means of paleontology, sedimentary strata and biogeochemistry of typical sections to explore the sedimentary, climatic and biological response of Qaidam basin to the uplift of Qinghai Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic. The data of paleontological isotope and oxygen isotope of the Dachaigou basin are the main biomarkers for the study of Paleontology in the Dachaigou basin. The preliminary research processing results show that the data quality is high
YUAN Feng
Dating data of debris flow and dammed lake sediments in complex mountainous areas from 2019 to 2021. The data collection sites are complex mountainous areas prone to debris flow in the eastern and southern edges of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The experimental analysis is mainly completed in the salt lake chemical analysis and testing center of Qinghai Salt Lake Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the analysis and testing center of Chengdu Mountain Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The instruments used include RIS ø TL / OSL – Da – 20 automatic luminescence instrument, etc. The age data set of debris flow sediments in typical complex mountainous areas is established, the formation age of debris flow sediments in complex mountainous areas is quantitatively studied, and the ancient debris flow disaster activity history in complex mountainous areas is determined.
HU Guisheng
Contact Support
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS
0931-4967287
poles@itpcas.ac.cn
Links
National Tibetan Plateau Data CenterFollow Us
A Big Earth Data Platform for Three Poles © 2018-2020 No.05000491 | All Rights Reserved
｜ 
No.11010502040845
Tech Support: westdc.cn
