As one of the most complete archaic human fossils, the Harbin cranium provides critical evidence for studying the diversification of the Homo genus and the origin of Homo sapiens. However, the unsystematic recovery of this cranium and a long and confused history since the discovery impede its accurate dating. Here, we carried out a series of geochemical analyses, including non-destructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), rare earth elements (REE), and the Sr isotopes, to test the reported provenance of the Harbin cranium and get better stratigraphic constraints. The results show that the Harbin cranium has very similar XRF element distribution patterns, REE concentration patterns, and Sr isotopic compositions to those of the Middle Pleistocene-Holocene mammalian and human fossils recently recovered from the Harbin area. The sediments adhered in the nasal cavity of the Harbin cranium have a 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.711898, falling in the variation range measured in a core drilled near the Dongjiang Bridge, where the cranium was discovered during its reconstruction. The regional stratigraphic correlations indicate that the Harbin cranium was probably from the upper part of the Upper Huangshan Formation of the Harbin area, which has an optically stimulated luminescence dating constraint between 138 and 309 ka. U-series disequilibrium dating (n = 10) directly on the cranium suggests that the cranium is older than 146 ka. The multiple lines of evidence from our experiments consistently support the theory that the Harbin cranium is from the late Middle Pleistocene of the Harbin area. Our study also shows that geochemical approaches can provide reliable evidence for locating and dating unsystematically recovered human fossils, and potentially can be applied to other human fossils without clear provenance and stratigraphy records.
NI Xijun
More than 100,000 years ago, several human species coexisted in Asia, Europe, and Africa - A completely preserved fossil human cranium discovered in the Harbin area provides critical evidence for understanding the evolution of humans and the origin of our species - The Harbin cranium has a large cranial capacity (1,420 mL) falling in the range ofmodern humans, but is combined with a mosaic of primitive and derived characters - Our comprehensive phylogenetic analyses suggest that the Harbin cranium represents a new sister lineage for Homo sapiens - A multi-directional “shuttle dispersal model” is more likely to explain the complex phylogenetic connections among African and Eurasian Homo species/populations
NI Xijun
In eastern Asia, several Middle-Late Pleistocene human fossils, such as the Dali, Jinniushan, Hualongdong, and Harbin crania, evidently resemble each other and are phylogenetically closer to H. sapiens than to H. neanderthalensis or other archaic humans. The Harbin cranium is the best preserved of this group. It shows a mosaic combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features. Here, we suggest that the Harbin skull should be recognized as a new species of Homo.
NI Xijun
Zijunbu site is an ancient human activity site about 120000 ~ 90000 years ago. There are a large number of stone tools and animal bones. The photoluminescence dating shows that the human activity time is the mis5 stage between 120-90ka. It is the earliest wilderness site on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The section of the site is divided into 11 layers from top to bottom, of which the cultural layer is the ancient soil layer of 6-9 layers. The Paleoenvironment was reconstructed by particle size analysis, magnetic susceptibility, total organic (TOC) and calcium carbonate content. Compared with the published high-resolution climate curve, the results show that the East Asian summer monsoon was strengthened in the period occupied by paleohumans, and the climate was warm and humid, which was conducive to human survival.
ZHANG Dongju
This is Tibet Plateau (TP) annual near-surface temperature dataset during the past millennium with a 2° spatial resolution, which is produced using the paleoclimate data assimilation approach with EnSRF method, MPI-ESM-P model and 396 multi-proxies from the PAGES2k Consoritum. This dataset agrees well with several observational temperature datasets during the instrumental period, and has a similar level of reliability as the Twentieth Century Reanalysis which assimilates surface pressure observations. In addition, the dataset shows a high level of agreement with previous proxy-based reconstructions (average correlation of annual mean TP temperatures is r = 0.61). The dataset can be used to study the temperature variability over the TP and some regions of the TP during the past millennium (1000-2000 AD).
FANG Miao
This data is the magnetism, grain size, chromaticity, diffuse reflectance spectral goethite / hematite peak height data, organic matter stable carbon isotope data of loess-paleosol sequence in Ganzi section (XS) in the east of Tibetan Plateau (TP). We measured the magnetic susceptibility and grain size of the section (10 m) at an interval of 2.5 cm, measured the non-hysteresis remanence and isothermal remanence data at an interval of 5 cm, and provided 5 sets of hysteresis loop measurement results. Total organic carbon (TOC) and organic carbon isotopes were measured at 10 cm and 20 cm intervals respectively. The experimental analysis of magnetic susceptibility was completed at the Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, China. The soil δ13Corgmeasurements were conducted at the State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLGAE), Lanzhou University. And the analysis of remanence and hysteresis loop was completed at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Chromaticity analysis was carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology. The magnetic susceptibility is measured by Bartington MS2 magnetic susceptibility meter, the non-hysteresis remanence is measured by American ASCIM-10-30 pulse magnetometer and molspin minispin small rotation magnetometer, and the isothermal remanence is measured by ASCIM-10-30 pulse magnetometer, 2g-755 superconducting magnetometer and JR-6A rotation magnetometer; he grain size data were measured by a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffractometer; The chromaticity was determined by CM-700d spectrophotometer. The δ13Corgvalues were analyzed using a MAT-253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This data provides an understanding of the magnetic properties and chromaticity variation characteristics of the loess sequence in the eastern TP since the last interglacial period, and plays an important role in the research of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate in the eastern TP and its relationship with the surrounding atmospheric circulation.
YANG Shengli, CHEN Zixuan, XIA Dunsheng, LIU Li
The Holocene single greenhouse gas concentration change simulation results (11.5-0 ka) data set is based on the Earth system model CESM model (horizontal resolution: about 2° for the atmosphere and land surface module; about 1° for the ocean and sea ice module), carry out the Holocene transient simulation test considering the change of greenhouse gas concentration. The spatial resolution is 2°; the spatial range: North: 90°N, South: 90°S, West: -180°, East: 180°; the regional range is global; the time range is Holocene. The simulation results can be used to study Holocene changes of westerly-monsoon in Eurasia under the influence of individual greenhouse gas concentration changes.
TIAN Zhiping, ZHANG Ran ZHANG Ran
The present data are chronological and palynological data from the Luanhaizi Lake core in the Menyuan Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We used the AMS14C method to test nine dated samples from the LHZ18 core. Bulk samples were collected from plant remains and organic-rich horizons from the core LHZ18 for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)14C dating. Samples were measured at Beta Labs in the USA and Lanzhou University.Pollen analysis was completed at the Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environment Systems,Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, with 140 stratigraphic pollen samples and 10 topsoil pollen samples. Spore pollen identification statistics were carried out under a light microscope.The pollen results mainly include the number of grains of trees, shrubs, herbs and aquatic plants.
HUANG Xiaozhong, ZHANG Jun, WANG Tao
1) Data content: the average zonal wind speed of 200 hPa and 850 hPa (reflecting the high and low-level westerly wind) and meridional wind speed of 850 hPa (reflecting the monsoon circulation) during the past millennium; 2) Data source: monthly data of the third phase of the international paleoclimate simulation and comparison program, processing method: multi-mode equal weight arithmetic average, climate average, 3) data application: used for the study of paleoclimate change and dynamic mechanism.
YAN Qing, JIANG Nanxuan, WANG Huijun
Guided by the theories of plate tectonics, paleogeography, petroliferous basin analysis and sedimentary basin dynamics, a large number of data and achievements of geological research and oil and gas geological research in the pan third pole in recent years are collected, including basic materials such as strata, sedimentation, paleontology, paleogeography, paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, structure, oil and gas (potassium salt) geology, especially paleomagnetism Based on the data of paleontology, detrital zircon and geochemistry, combined with the results of typical measured stratigraphic sections, the Cenozoic lithofacies and climate paleogeographic pattern are restored and reconstructed, and the pan tertiary Cenozoic lithofacies paleogeographic map (1) and pan tertiary Cenozoic climate paleogeographic map (3) are obtained, in order to explore the impact of paleogeography, paleostructure and paleoclimate on oil and gas Control and influence of (including potassium salt) resources, so as to reveal the geological conditions of oil and gas formation and the law of resource distribution, and provide scientific basis and technical support for China's overseas and domestic oil and gas exploration deployment.
LI Yalin
Guided by the theory of plate tectonics, paleogeography, petroliferous basin analysis and sedimentary basin dynamics, we have collected a large number of data and achievements of geological research and petroleum geology in recent years, including strata, sedimentation, paleontology, paleogeography, paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, structure, oil and gas (potash) geology and other basic materials, especially paleomagnetism, Paleogene Based on the data of detrital zircon and geochemistry, combined with the results of typical measured stratigraphic sections, the lithofacies and climate paleogeographic pattern of Cretaceous were restored and reconstructed, and two lithofacies paleogeographic maps of early and late Cretaceous of Pan tertiary and two climate paleogeographic maps of early and late Cretaceous of Pan tertiary were obtained, aiming at discussing the influence of paleogeography, paleostructure and paleoclimate In order to reveal the geological conditions and resource distribution of oil and gas formation, and provide scientific basis and technical support for China's overseas and domestic oil and gas exploration deployment.
LI Yalin
1) Data content: the data are the ancient DNA data generated by studying the cultural layer of Klu lding site in Nyingchi region, Tibetan Plateau, including the hiseqx metagenomics data of 10 ancient DNA samples from 4 layers. It can be used to preliminarily analyze the changes of species composition recorded by ancient DNA in the sediments, and reveal the process of local agricultural development. 2) Data source and processing method: the research group has its ownership. the data were obtained by using pair-end library building and Illumina hiseqx sequencing platform. 3) Data quality: 20.3 MB, Q30 > 85%. 4) Application: The data will be used to explore the potential of the ancient DNA from archaeological sediments in revealing the development of ancient agriculture on the Tibetan Plateau.
YANG Xiaoyan
Collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates produced concomitant uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and its basin-ridge geomorphological systems. Surface relief of the Tibetan Plateau has significant dynamic and thermal effects on atmospheric circulation and on regional and global climate. It has been considered as one of the key drivers for the formation of the Asian monsoon, enhanced erosion and weathering, global decreased CO2 during the Cenozoic. Finally, this uplift caused global cooling in the Cenozoic. However, at present, the driving mechanisms of these processes still remain controversies and have not been clearly confirmed by records of chemical weathering from the Tibetan Plateau. This dataset includes major elemental compositions of the Fenghuoshan Group (thick of ~4500 m) from the Hoh Xil Basin which has been dated back to the Late Cretaceous-Eocence. Element was measured in the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences using XRF-1500. The resconstructed Paleogene chemical weathering sequences allow us to constrain the trends of chemical weathering history of the studied area. We found that intensity of chemical weathering is well correlated with global temperature change. These results provide further data supprot for discussing the dynamic mechanisms and links among the Paleogene chemical weathering in the Hoh Xil Basin, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and global change.
JIN Chunsheng
A 170-cm-long sediment core was extracted from Lake Xingxinghai at a water depth of 9 m (34°50.44′N, 98°06.34′E) in January 2010 using Austria’s UWITEC platform coring equipment. Both the 210Pb/137Cs and AMS 14C (11 dating data) approaches were applicated into the age-depth model establishment using Bayesian age–depth modelling by the “Bacon” software, and the age-depth model indicates the core covers the past 7400 years. The core was sliced at 0.5-cm interval upper 3 cm and 1-cm interval for other part, finally we got 173 samples totally. Pollen grains were extracted using a procedure including the treatments with 10 % HCl, 10 % NaOH and 40 % HF, followed by a 7-μm mesh sieving and acetolysis treatment (9:1 mixture of acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid). Pollen grains were identified and counted under optical microscope, and at least 300 terrestrial pollen grains were counted for each sample. The mean temporal resolution of pollen spectra is ca. 40 year/sample. The pollen spectra include forty-eight pollen taxa, are dominated by herbaceous taxa (range: 88.5~98.9%; mean: 93.4%), such as Artemisia (up to 54.4%), Cyperaceae (up to 50.1%), Poaceae (up to 48.8%), Chenopodiaceae (up to 17.9%) and Asteraceae (up to 8.5%). Abundance of arboreal pollen is less than 5% through out the core, mainly comprised of Pinus (maximum: 4.9%; mean:1.2%) and Betula (maximum: 3.0%; mean: 0.7%). The pollen dataset includes pollen percentages for the 43 terrestrial pollen taxa together with their depths and ages, and the dataset is valuable to employed in past vegetation and climate reconstructions.
TIAN Fang, CAO Xianyong
This data is the chronological, grain size and bulk density data of loess-paleosol sequence in Wenchuan (WCH) in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We measured the median grain size and bulk density data of the profile (10m) at intervals of 2.5cm and 5cm respectively. The OSL dating experiment was carried out in the Luminescence Dating Laboratory of the Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) in Lanzhou University. AMS 14C measurements were carried out at Peking University. The experimental analysis of environmental indicators was also completed at the Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) in Lanzhou University. The OSL ages were determined by an automated Risø TL/OSL DA-20 reader. The grain size data were measured by a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffractometer; the bulk density data were determined by the oil-soaked method. This data provides the detailed chronological data of loess-paleosol sequence and the variation characteristics of grain size and bulk density since the last glacial period in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, and provides an important data reference for understanding paleoclimate evolution and dust accumulation history in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
YANG Shengli, LIU Li, XIA Dunsheng, CHEN Zixuan
This data is the chronological, magnetic, grain size and bulk density data of Zhouqu (ZQ) loess paleosol sequence in the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). We measured the magnetic susceptibility, grain size and bulk density data of the profile at 5 cm intervals. All the experimental analysis was completed at the Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, China. The OSL ages were determined by an automated Risø TL/OSL DA-20 reader. The magnetic susceptibility was measured by Bartington MS2 magnetic susceptibility meter; The grain size data were measured by a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffractometer; The bulk density data were determined by according to the oil-soaked method; The data set show the variation characteristics of magnetic susceptibility, grain size and bulk density of loess sequence in the eastern TP since the last glacial period, which plays an important role in studying the paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, dust accumulation history and its relationship with the surrounding atmospheric circulation in the eastern TP.
YANG Shengli, XIA Dunsheng, CHEN Zixuan, LI Qiong
This data is the chronological, magnetic and grain size data of Maquqiao (MQQ) aeolian sequence in the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). We measured the magnetic susceptibility and grain size data of the profile at 2.5 cm intervals. AMS14C dating samples were tested in Peking University and Beta Analytic in Miami, United States. All the experimental analysis was completed at the Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, China. The OSL ages were determined by an automated Risø TL/OSL DA-20 reader. The magnetic susceptibility was measured by Bartington MS2 magnetic susceptibility meter; The grain size data were measured by a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffractometer; The bulk density data were determined by according to the oil-soaked method; The data show the variations of magnetic susceptibility and grain size of aeolian sequences in the eastern TP since the Holocene, which has important reference significance for the study of aeolian sand activities associated with desertification and serious land degradation in the eastern TP.
YANG Shengli, LI Qiong, CHEN Zixuan, LIU Xiaojing
This data is the set of surface dust properties in high mountain and canyon area of Hengduan Mountain, including magnetic data and geochemical data. The analysis of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical elements was completed at the Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, China. The magnetic susceptibility was measured by Bartington MS2 magnetic susceptibility meter. The geochemical elements were measured by PW2403 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) produced by Philips in the Netherlands. This data provides the characteristics of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical elements of topsoil in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, which plays an important role in understanding the relationship between modern climate factors and magnetic susceptibility of topsoil in the eastern TP, and the source of dust source area, dust transport and atmospheric circulation model in the TP.
YANG Shengli, LI Qiong, XIA Dunsheng, LUO Yuanlong
Luanhaizi Borehole (LHZ18) was acquired by Huang Xiaozhong Research Group of Lanzhou University in August 2018. This data is 0-859 cm grain size data of the core of Luanhaizi Lake in Qilian Mountains. Grain size analysis was carried out at 0-4 m according to one sample, and grain size analysis was carried out at on ssample interval at the depth of 4-8.6 m, totaling 390 data were obtained. The experiment was completed in the Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Environmental Education of Lanzhou University, and grain size analysis was carried out with Mastersizer 2000 instrument. The data reflected the grain size change of the lake sediment, which is very important for the study of long-time series eolian activities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
HUANG Xiaozhong, ZHANG Jun, WANG Jiale, REN Xiuxiu, SUN Mingjie, XIANG Lixiong
Luanhaizi borehole (LHZ18) was obtained by huangxiaozhong research group of Lanzhou University in August 2018. This data is geochemical element data of 0-859 cm core of Luanhaizi Lake in Qilian Mountains. The experiment was completed in the Key Laboratory of Western Ministry of environmental education of Lanzhou University. This data provides long series and high-resolution geochemical element content. The data comes from core scanning, continuous elemental content changes were obtained 0-829 cm through element change and the field records. The data provided long-time-scale elemental content changes of lakes in Qilian Mountains, and played an important role in the study of paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment in the long time series of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
HUANG Xiaozhong, ZHANG Jun, WANG Jiale, REN Xiuxiu, SUN Mingjie, XIANG Lixiong
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