There are 396 temperature-sensitive proxy data for the past millennium over the Northern Hemisphere, including 370 tree rings, 15 ice cores, 9 lake sediments and 2 historical documents; This data is derived from the global temperature proxy dataset released by PAGES2k Consortum in 2017; During the process of temperature assimilation in the past millennium (1000-2000 AD) in the Northern Hemisphere, the data were further screened, and only the data with annual resolution were retained; The proxy data contained in the dataset have passed strict quality inspection and temperature signal verification; The data set can be used to reconstruct the temperature of the Northern Hemisphere at the hemispherical and regional scales for the past millennium.
FANG Miao
(1) Data content: data set of precipitation field of the three poles (Arctic, Antarctic and Qinghai Tibet Plateau) in the past millennium; (2) Data source and processing method: the data is independently produced by the author and is produced by assimilating the precipitation proxy data in the three polar regions through the paleoclimate data assimilation method; (3) Data quality description: there is a high degree of spatial-temporal consistency between the data set and the precipitation data sets measured by multiple instruments (correlation coefficient is above 0.35, P < 0.001; Nash efficiency coefficient is above 0.3). In addition, the correlation coefficient with multiple precipitation data series reconstructed based on proxy data is between 0.2 and 0.6 (P < 0.001); (4) It can be used to study the temporal and spatial changes of precipitation in the past millennium in the three polar regions.
FANG Miao
(1) Data content: Millennial temperature (near-surface air temperature anomaly based on the millinnial mean)datasets over the three poles, e.g., Arctic, Antarctic, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (2) Data sources and processing methods: These datasets were produced by the authors themselves using the paleoclimate data assimilationand approach based on climatic proxies over the three poles; (3) Description of data quality: There are high spatio-temporal consistency between these datasets and several instrumental gridded temperature datasets (correlation coefficient above 0.6, p <0.001; Nash efficiency coefficient above 0.5). In addition, the correlations between these datasets and several proxy-based temperature series are between 0.4 and 0.8 (p <0.001). (4) Data application achievements and prospects: These datasets can be used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in temperature over the three poles during the past millennium.
FANG Miao
Paleoecological and paleolimnological studies can provide a long-term perspective on changes in environmental and ecosystem processes. The sediments documented both direct and indirect impacts of climate change and human activities on aquatic ecosystems. The fossils of zooplankton remain and pigments in lake sediments can reflect community structure changes of primary producers and primary consumers. The authors reconstructed the zooplankton and algal community changes during the past 600 years using carapaces of A. tibetiana and resting eggs of D. tibetana and pigments from the sediments of Dagze Co, in the central Tibet Plateau. Using total nitrogen and total phosphorus reconstructed the nutrient changes. These results suggest that algal community structure and changes in production can be attributed to alterations in the zooplankton community, with important implications for Tibetan aquatic ecosystems.
LIANG Jie LIANG Jie
This data set consists of tree ring carbon and oxygen data in East Asian monsoon region and Qilian Mountain region of China. Tree rings in Qilian mountain area include 4 tree cores, the tree species is Sabina przewalskii, and the measured isotopic data is 921. Cellulose was extracted from tree ring logs by chemical treatment, and the obtained cellulose samples were wrapped in a silver cup. The isotopic ratio was measured by Delta V advantage stable isotope mass spectrometer, and the analysis error was less than 0.21 ‰. The experimental analysis was completed in the laboratory of soil structure and minerals, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This data has certain significance for the study of paleoclimate in East Asian monsoon region.
XU Chenxi
Mercury is a global pollutant.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is adjacent to South Asia, which currently has the highest atmospheric mercury emissions, and could be affected by long-distance transport.The history of atmospheric mercury transport and deposition can be well reconstructed using ice cores and lake cores. The history of atmospheric mercury deposition since the industrial revolution was reconstructed based on 8 lake cores and 1 ice core from the Tibetan Plateau and the southern slope of the Himalayas.This data set contains 8 lake core data from Namtso, Bangongtso, Linggatso, Guanyong Lake, Tanggula Lake, Gosainkunda Lake, Gokyo Lake and Phewa Lake, and 1 ice core data .The resolution of ice core data is 1 year, lake core data is 2~20 years, and the data include mercury concentration and flux.
KANG Shichang
This data set is composed of tree ring width data of Qilian Mountain region of China in East Asian monsoon region . The tree rings in Qilian mountain contain 52 tree cores, which have 17081 values, the measurement accuracy is 0.01mm, and the tree species is Qilian juniper. The tree ring width was measured by lintab 6 tree ring analyzer, and the cross dating is checked by coffcha program to guarantee that the accuracy of the dating. The experiment analysis was performed in the laboratory of soil structure and minerals, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This data has certain significance for the study of paleoclimate in the edge of East Asian monsoon region .
XU Chenxi
Based on the analysis of brgdgts and hydrogen isotopes of leaf wax in lake sediments from Tengchong Qinghai (tcqh) in Yunnan Province, this study shows for the first time the high-resolution annual average temperature change history of low latitude land since the last glacial period (since the last 88000 years). According to the annual average temperature of South Asia established by tcqh core, there are two warm periods of 88000-71000 years and 45000-22000 years in this region, and the temperature range is about 2-3 ° C. Since the Holocene, the temperature has been increasing for about 1-2 years ° C。
ZHAO Cheng
The fluctuation of a single lake level is a comprehensive reflection of water balance within the basin, while the regional consistent fluctuations of lake level can indicate the change of regional effective moisture. Previous researches were mainly focused on reconstructing effective moisture by multiproxy analyses of lake sediments, but lacked the quantitative studies on regional effective moisture variation. This dataset exhibits the Holocene effective moisture change in typical lake regions of the Tibetan Plateau and East and Central Asia, including Qinghai Lake, Chen Co, Bangong Co, etc., by constructing a virtual lake system, based on a lake energy balance model, a lake water balance model and a transient climate evolution model. The simulation results provide a new perspective for exploring the evolution of lakes on the millennial scale.
LI Yu
Data set contains tree age of trees growing at different glacier moraines in the central Himalayas. The data were obtained using tree ring samples. Cores samples were collected (almost near to the ground level to estimate the minimum age of the related moraine) using an increment borer. Samples were processed by using standard dendrochronological techniques.
SIGDEL Shalik Ram, ZHNAG Hui, ZHU Haifeng, SHER Muhammad, LIANG Eryuan
Data content: Standard ring-width chronology derived from Wilson juniper shrub around the northern shore of the Nam Co Lake; May-June SZI (Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index) drought reconstruction for the Nam Co region. Time span: 1605 to 2010. Temporal resolution: Yearly. Application and prospects: Hydroclimate study on the south-central Tibetan Plateau.
LU Xiaoming, HUANG Ru, WANG Yafeng, ZHANG Baoqing, ZHU Haifeng, CAMARERO J. Julio, LIANG Eryuan
Relationship between modern pollen and climate, and its representative to vegetation are the important references in explaining and reconstructing past climate and vegetation qualitatively or quantitatively. To extrct past climate and vegetation signals from fossil pollen spectrum of a lacustrine sediment, a corresponding modern pollen dataset collected from lake-sediment surface is necessary. At present, there are a few modern pollen datasets extracted from lake sediment-surface established on the Tibetan Plateau, however, the geographic gaps (e.g. the central and east Tibetan Plateau) of available sampled lakes influence the correct understanding. To ensure the even distribution of the representative lakes, we collected lake sediment-surface samples (n=117) covering the alpine meadow evenly on the east and central Tibetan Plateau, in July and August 2018. For pollen extraction, approximately 10 g (wet original sediment) per sample were sub-sampled. Pollen sample was processed by the standard acid-alkali-acid procedures followed by 7-μm-mesh sieving. More than 500 terrestrial pollen grains were counted for each sample. Pollen assemblages of the dataset from alpine meadow are dominated by Cyperaceae (mean is 68.4%, maximum is 95.9%), with other herbaceous pollen taxa as commen taxa including Poaceae (mean is 10.3%, maximum is 87.7%), Ranunculaceae (mean is 4.8%, maximum is 33.6%), Artemisia (mean is 3.7%, maximum is 24.5%), Asteraceae (mean is 2.1%, maximum is 33.6%), etc. Salix (mean is 0.4%, maximum is 5.3%) is the major shrub taxon in these pollen assemblages, while arboreal taxa occur with low percentages generally (mean of total arboreal percentages is 0.9% (maximum is 5.8%), including mainly Pinus (mean is 0.3%, maximum is 1.8%), Betula (mean is 0.1%, maximum is 0.9%) and Alnus (mean is 0.1%, maximum is 0.7%). These pollen assemblages represent the plant components well in the alpine meadow communities, although they are influenced slightly by long-distance pollen grain transported by wind or river (such as these arboreal pollen taxa). Together with pollen counts and percentages, we also provided the modern climatic data for the sampled lakes. The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD; gridded near-surface meteorological dataset) with a temporal resolution of three hours and a spatial resolution of 0.1° was employed, and the climatic data of the nearest pixel of one sampled lake was defined to represent climatic conditions of the lake. Finally, the mean annual precipitation (Pann), mean annual temperature (Tann) and mean temperature of the coldest month (Mtco) and warmest month (Mtwa) are calculated for each sampled lake.
CAO Xianyong, TIAN Fang, LI Kai, NI Jian
The data set of ice core-snow black carbon content on the Tibetan plateau (1950-2006) contains five (5) tables: 1 Xu et al. 2006 AG, 2 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_Conc., 3 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_flux, 4 Xu et al. 2012 ERL, 5 Wang et al. 2015 ACP. The data collection sites include the Meikuang glacier, Dongkemadi, Qiangyong, Kangwure, Naimona’nyi, Muztagata, Rongbuk, Tanggula Mountain, Ningjin Gangsang, Zuoqipu, and Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of the Ürüqi River. The latitudes and longitudes of the collection locations, elevations and other information are marked in the data. The main indicators of the data are location, time, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC) content and flux. Location: latitude and longitude Time: year or date OC: organic carbon EC: elemental carbon BC: Black carbon Conc.: content, unit: ng g-1 Flux: flux, unit: mg m-2a-1 The data come from the following subjects. 1. National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program):Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Remote Sensing Modeling of Global Change Sensitive Factors; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 2. National Key Basic Research Program: The Response of Formation and Evolution on the Tibetan Plateau to Global Changes and Adaptation Strategy; Person in charge: Tandong Yao; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 3. The General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China: High-resolution Carbon Black Recording in Snow Ice of the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 4. The General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Extraction of Climate and Environment Information from Ice Core Encapsulated Gas on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 5. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Snow and Ice-Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Changes on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 6. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Study on the Changes of Aerosol Emissions and Combustion in Human Activities in South Asia in the Past 100 Years; Person in charge: Mo Wang; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Observation methods: two-step heating method, thermal/optical carbon analysis method, and single-particle black carbon aerosol photometer.
XU Baiqing
This is Northern Hemispheric (NH) annual near-surface temperature dataset during the past millennium with a 2° spatial resolution, which is produced using the paleoclimate data assimilation approach with EnSRF method, MPI-ESM-P model and 396 multi-proxies from the PAGES2k Consoritum. This dataset agrees well with several observational temperature datasets during the instrumental period, and has a similar level of reliability as the Twentieth Century Reanalysis which assimilates surface pressure observations. In addition, the dataset shows a high level of agreement with previous proxy-based reconstructions (average correlation of annual mean NH temperatures is r = 0.61). The dataset can be used to study the temperature variability over the NH and some regions of the NH during the past millennium (1000-2000 AD).
FANG Miao, LI Xin, CHEN Hans , CHEN Deliang
This data includes the accessibility of 15 kinds of public facilities and services, such as roads and schools, in the communities of 1280 households at domestic and abroad, as well as the farmers' satisfaction with these public facilities and public services by comparing that with 3 years ago and current status with neighboring village. This data is used to support the analysis of the material capital part of sustainable livelihood. The data was collected by the research group through field survey in 2019. Before collecting the data, the research group and invited experts conducted a pretest and improved the survey questionnaire; Before the formal investigation, the members participating in the data collection were strictly trained; In the formal survey, each questionnaire is checked three times before it is filed. This data is of great value for understanding the physical capital accessibility and satisfaction of rural households in environment-economic fragile areas, and is an important supplement to national and macro data.
XIE Yaowen
Paleoecological and paleolimnological studies can provide a long-term perspective on changes in environmental and ecosystem processes. The sediments documented both direct and indirect impacts of climate change and human activities on aquatic ecosystems. The fossils of zooplankton remain and pigments in lake sediments can reflect community structure changes of primary producers and primary consumers. The authors reconstructed the zooplankton and algal community changes during the past 600 years using carapaces of A. tibetiana and resting eggs of D. tibetana and pigments from the sediments of Dagze Co, in the central Tibet Plateau. Using total nitrogen and total phosphorus reconstructed the nutrient changes. These results suggest that algal community structure and changes in production can be attributed to alterations in the zooplankton community, with important implications for Tibetan aquatic ecosystems.
LIANG Jie LIANG Jie
From 1000 AD to the present, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere has increased significantly in the ice cores of the Antarctic and Arctic. These data came from the Tasmanian laboratory of Australia, where the high resolution data were obtained by using wet extraction of ice core samples, and the same measurement and calibration procedures were applied to all samples. The results are consistent with the results of internationally renowned ice core greenhouse gas laboratories such as the University of Bern, the University of Copenhagen and the University of Ohio. The physical meaning of each variable: First column: time; second column: methane concentration value
Du Zhiheng
Original information on the long-term dry-wet index (1500-2000) in western China is obtained by integrating data on dry-wet/drought-flood conditions and precipitation amounts in the western region published over more than a decade. The integrated data sets include tree rings, ice cores, lake sediments, historical materials, etc., and there are more than 50 such data sets. In addition to widely collecting representative data sets on dry-wet changes in the western region, this study also clarifies the main characteristics of the dry-wet changes and climate zones in the western region, and the long-term dry-wet index sequence was generated by extracting representative data from different zones. The data-based dry-wet index sequence has a 10-year temporal resolution for five major characteristic climate zones in the western region over nearly four hundred years and a high resolution (annual resolution) for three regions over the past five hundred years. The five major characteristic climate zones in the western region with a 10-year dry-wet index resolution over the last four hundred years are the arid regions, plateau bodies, northern Xinjiang, Hetao region, and northeastern plateau, and the three regions with a annual resolution over the last five hundred years are the northeastern plateau, Hetao region, and northern Xinjiang. For a detailed description of the data, please refer to the data file named Introduction of Dry-Wet Index Sequence Data for West China.doc.
QIAN Weihong, LIN Xiang
Climate records obtained by most instruments are relatively short in time, which limits the study of climate change, necessitating the use of proxy data to extend records to the past. It was not until the late 1940s that atmospheric data of sufficient quality and spatial resolution were available to determine the main patterns of climate change such as the North American Pacific model and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The global ice cores are from the north and south poles and the third pole, and there are also mountain glaciers in Alaska. The ice core data obtained in that area are of great significance for revealing the climate in North America and climate change in the Arctic regions at both low and high latitudes. The physical meaning of each variable: First column: time; second column: accumulation rate data; third column: oxygen isotope data value
Du Zhiheng
The modern sporopollen identification results of five different geomorphic types in the middle reaches of Heihe River show that there are 39 sporopollen types, 22 main types, belonging to 6 different vegetation types in 45 topsoil samples distributed in the desert vegetation belt. The SPOROPOLLEN ASSEMBLAGES with high percentage of sporopollen in the sporopollen map were selected to represent different geomorphic types. It was found that five geomorphic types (dune, alluvial proluvial fan, flood plain, riverbed and wetland) could be expressed by different combinations of nine sporopollen.
HU Xiaofei, PAN Baotian
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