There are 396 temperature-sensitive proxy data for the past millennium over the Northern Hemisphere, including 370 tree rings, 15 ice cores, 9 lake sediments and 2 historical documents; This data is derived from the global temperature proxy dataset released by PAGES2k Consortum in 2017; During the process of temperature assimilation in the past millennium (1000-2000 AD) in the Northern Hemisphere, the data were further screened, and only the data with annual resolution were retained; The proxy data contained in the dataset have passed strict quality inspection and temperature signal verification; The data set can be used to reconstruct the temperature of the Northern Hemisphere at the hemispherical and regional scales for the past millennium.
FANG Miao
(1) Data content: data set of precipitation field of the three poles (Arctic, Antarctic and Qinghai Tibet Plateau) in the past millennium; (2) Data source and processing method: the data is independently produced by the author and is produced by assimilating the precipitation proxy data in the three polar regions through the paleoclimate data assimilation method; (3) Data quality description: there is a high degree of spatial-temporal consistency between the data set and the precipitation data sets measured by multiple instruments (correlation coefficient is above 0.35, P < 0.001; Nash efficiency coefficient is above 0.3). In addition, the correlation coefficient with multiple precipitation data series reconstructed based on proxy data is between 0.2 and 0.6 (P < 0.001); (4) It can be used to study the temporal and spatial changes of precipitation in the past millennium in the three polar regions.
FANG Miao
(1) Data content: Millennial temperature (near-surface air temperature anomaly based on the millinnial mean）datasets over the three poles, e.g., Arctic, Antarctic, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (2) Data sources and processing methods: These datasets were produced by the authors themselves using the paleoclimate data assimilationand approach based on climatic proxies over the three poles; (3) Description of data quality: There are high spatio-temporal consistency between these datasets and several instrumental gridded temperature datasets (correlation coefficient above 0.6, p <0.001; Nash efficiency coefficient above 0.5). In addition, the correlations between these datasets and several proxy-based temperature series are between 0.4 and 0.8 (p <0.001). (4) Data application achievements and prospects: These datasets can be used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in temperature over the three poles during the past millennium.
FANG Miao
The fluctuation of a single lake level is a comprehensive reflection of water balance within the basin, while the regional consistent fluctuations of lake level can indicate the change of regional effective moisture. Previous researches were mainly focused on reconstructing effective moisture by multiproxy analyses of lake sediments, but lacked the quantitative studies on regional effective moisture variation. This dataset exhibits the Holocene effective moisture change in typical lake regions of the Tibetan Plateau and East and Central Asia, including Qinghai Lake, Chen Co, Bangong Co, etc., by constructing a virtual lake system, based on a lake energy balance model, a lake water balance model and a transient climate evolution model. The simulation results provide a new perspective for exploring the evolution of lakes on the millennial scale.
LI Yu
This data set consists of tree ring carbon and oxygen data in East Asian monsoon region and Qilian Mountain region of China. Tree rings in Qilian mountain area include 4 tree cores, the tree species is Sabina przewalskii, and the measured isotopic data is 921. Cellulose was extracted from tree ring logs by chemical treatment, and the obtained cellulose samples were wrapped in a silver cup. The isotopic ratio was measured by Delta V advantage stable isotope mass spectrometer, and the analysis error was less than 0.21 ‰. The experimental analysis was completed in the laboratory of soil structure and minerals, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This data has certain significance for the study of paleoclimate in East Asian monsoon region.
XU Chenxi
This data set is composed of tree ring width data of Qilian Mountain region of China in East Asian monsoon region . The tree rings in Qilian mountain contain 52 tree cores, which have 17081 values, the measurement accuracy is 0.01mm, and the tree species is Qilian juniper. The tree ring width was measured by lintab 6 tree ring analyzer, and the cross dating is checked by coffcha program to guarantee that the accuracy of the dating. The experiment analysis was performed in the laboratory of soil structure and minerals, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This data has certain significance for the study of paleoclimate in the edge of East Asian monsoon region .
XU Chenxi
Based on the analysis of brgdgts and hydrogen isotopes of leaf wax in lake sediments from Tengchong Qinghai (tcqh) in Yunnan Province, this study shows for the first time the high-resolution annual average temperature change history of low latitude land since the last glacial period (since the last 88000 years). According to the annual average temperature of South Asia established by tcqh core, there are two warm periods of 88000-71000 years and 45000-22000 years in this region, and the temperature range is about 2-3 ° C. Since the Holocene, the temperature has been increasing for about 1-2 years ° C。
ZHAO Cheng
Mercury is a global pollutant.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is adjacent to South Asia, which currently has the highest atmospheric mercury emissions, and could be affected by long-distance transport.The history of atmospheric mercury transport and deposition can be well reconstructed using ice cores and lake cores. The history of atmospheric mercury deposition since the industrial revolution was reconstructed based on 8 lake cores and 1 ice core from the Tibetan Plateau and the southern slope of the Himalayas.This data set contains 8 lake core data from Namtso, Bangongtso, Linggatso, Guanyong Lake, Tanggula Lake, Gosainkunda Lake, Gokyo Lake and Phewa Lake, and 1 ice core data .The resolution of ice core data is 1 year, lake core data is 2~20 years, and the data include mercury concentration and flux.
KANG Shichang
Relationship between modern pollen and climate, and its representative to vegetation are the important references in explaining and reconstructing past climate and vegetation qualitatively or quantitatively. To extrct past climate and vegetation signals from fossil pollen spectrum of a lacustrine sediment, a corresponding modern pollen dataset collected from lake-sediment surface is necessary. At present, there are a few modern pollen datasets extracted from lake sediment-surface established on the Tibetan Plateau, however, the geographic gaps (e.g. the central and east Tibetan Plateau) of available sampled lakes influence the correct understanding. To ensure the even distribution of the representative lakes, we collected lake sediment-surface samples (n=117) covering the alpine meadow evenly on the east and central Tibetan Plateau, in July and August 2018. For pollen extraction, approximately 10 g (wet original sediment) per sample were sub-sampled. Pollen sample was processed by the standard acid-alkali-acid procedures followed by 7-μm-mesh sieving. More than 500 terrestrial pollen grains were counted for each sample. Pollen assemblages of the dataset from alpine meadow are dominated by Cyperaceae (mean is 68.4%, maximum is 95.9%), with other herbaceous pollen taxa as commen taxa including Poaceae (mean is 10.3%, maximum is 87.7%), Ranunculaceae (mean is 4.8%, maximum is 33.6%), Artemisia (mean is 3.7%, maximum is 24.5%), Asteraceae (mean is 2.1%, maximum is 33.6%), etc. Salix (mean is 0.4%, maximum is 5.3%) is the major shrub taxon in these pollen assemblages, while arboreal taxa occur with low percentages generally (mean of total arboreal percentages is 0.9% (maximum is 5.8%), including mainly Pinus (mean is 0.3%, maximum is 1.8%), Betula (mean is 0.1%, maximum is 0.9%) and Alnus (mean is 0.1%, maximum is 0.7%). These pollen assemblages represent the plant components well in the alpine meadow communities, although they are influenced slightly by long-distance pollen grain transported by wind or river (such as these arboreal pollen taxa). Together with pollen counts and percentages, we also provided the modern climatic data for the sampled lakes. The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD; gridded near-surface meteorological dataset) with a temporal resolution of three hours and a spatial resolution of 0.1° was employed, and the climatic data of the nearest pixel of one sampled lake was defined to represent climatic conditions of the lake. Finally, the mean annual precipitation (Pann), mean annual temperature (Tann) and mean temperature of the coldest month (Mtco) and warmest month (Mtwa) are calculated for each sampled lake.
CAO Xianyong, TIAN Fang, LI Kai, NI Jian
This is Northern Hemispheric (NH) annual near-surface temperature dataset during the past millennium with a 2° spatial resolution, which is produced using the paleoclimate data assimilation approach with EnSRF method, MPI-ESM-P model and 396 multi-proxies from the PAGES2k Consoritum. This dataset agrees well with several observational temperature datasets during the instrumental period, and has a similar level of reliability as the Twentieth Century Reanalysis which assimilates surface pressure observations. In addition, the dataset shows a high level of agreement with previous proxy-based reconstructions (average correlation of annual mean NH temperatures is r = 0.61). The dataset can be used to study the temperature variability over the NH and some regions of the NH during the past millennium (1000-2000 AD).
FANG Miao, LI Xin, CHEN Hans , CHEN Deliang
Paleoecological and paleolimnological studies can provide a long-term perspective on changes in environmental and ecosystem processes. The sediments documented both direct and indirect impacts of climate change and human activities on aquatic ecosystems. The fossils of zooplankton remain and pigments in lake sediments can reflect community structure changes of primary producers and primary consumers. The authors reconstructed the zooplankton and algal community changes during the past 600 years using carapaces of A. tibetiana and resting eggs of D. tibetana and pigments from the sediments of Dagze Co, in the central Tibet Plateau. Using total nitrogen and total phosphorus reconstructed the nutrient changes. These results suggest that algal community structure and changes in production can be attributed to alterations in the zooplankton community, with important implications for Tibetan aquatic ecosystems.
LIANG Jie LIANG Jie
Paleoecological and paleolimnological studies can provide a long-term perspective on changes in environmental and ecosystem processes. The sediments documented both direct and indirect impacts of climate change and human activities on aquatic ecosystems. The fossils of zooplankton remain and pigments in lake sediments can reflect community structure changes of primary producers and primary consumers. The authors reconstructed the zooplankton and algal community changes during the past 600 years using carapaces of A. tibetiana and resting eggs of D. tibetana and pigments from the sediments of Dagze Co, in the central Tibet Plateau. Using total nitrogen and total phosphorus reconstructed the nutrient changes. These results suggest that algal community structure and changes in production can be attributed to alterations in the zooplankton community, with important implications for Tibetan aquatic ecosystems.
LIANG Jie LIANG Jie
Data content: Standard ring-width chronology derived from Wilson juniper shrub around the northern shore of the Nam Co Lake; May-June SZI (Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index) drought reconstruction for the Nam Co region. Time span: 1605 to 2010. Temporal resolution: Yearly. Application and prospects: Hydroclimate study on the south-central Tibetan Plateau.
LU Xiaoming, HUANG Ru, WANG Yafeng, ZHANG Baoqing, ZHU Haifeng, CAMARERO J. Julio, LIANG Eryuan
Data set contains tree age of trees growing at different glacier moraines in the central Himalayas. The data were obtained using tree ring samples. Cores samples were collected (almost near to the ground level to estimate the minimum age of the related moraine) using an increment borer. Samples were processed by using standard dendrochronological techniques.
SIGDEL Shalik Ram, ZHNAG Hui, ZHU Haifeng, SHER Muhammad, LIANG Eryuan
The data of triode ice core mainly comes from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core). The original data is mainly in text format, which is provided by relevant units and researchers voluntarily. The data mainly includes the original observation data such as oxygen isotope, greenhouse gas concentration, ice core age, etc., as well as the historical temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and methane concentration produced by the researchers according to the observation data. The data are mainly divided into Antarctic, Arctic, Greenland and the third polar region. The database includes drilling address, time, derivative products, corresponding observation site data, references and other elements. Derivative products include product name, type, time and other elements. The space location is divided into the south pole, the north pole and the third pole, including Alaska, Canada, Russia, Greenland and other regions. After sorting and post-processing the collected data, the ice core database is established by using the access database management system of Microsoft office. According to the Antarctic, Arctic, Greenland and the third pole, it is divided into four sub databases. The first table in each database is readme, which contains information and references of each data table.
YE Aizhong
This project is based on the data of bioactive elements such as Fe in miaergou ice core (94 ° 19 ′ e, 43 ° 03 ′ n, 4518 m) of the East Tianshan Mountains, and rebuilt the metal element history of 1956-2004. Data content: 1956-2004 ice core metal elements (including Fe, CD, Pb, as, Ba, Al, s, Mn, CO and Ni); data source, through ICP-MS test; data quality: blank sample is significantly lower than sample value, with better quality; data application results and prospects: data has been published, see Du, Z., Xiao, C., Zhang, W., Handley, M. J., mayewski, P. A., Liu, Y., & Li, X. (20. 19). Iron record associated with sandstorms in a central Asian shallow ice core spanning 1956-2004. Atmospheric environment, 203, 121-130. It can provide comparative study of other ice cores in Central Asia.
Du Zhiheng
This data was reconstructed based on the history of perchlorate from 1956 to 2004 in Miaoergou ice core (94°19 'E,43°03 'N, 4518 m) in east Tianshan mountain. Data content: perchlorate from 1956 to 2004 (including: Cl-, NO3- and SO42-). Data was measured by ESI-MS/MS; Data quality: the blank sample was significantly lower than the sample values, and the quality was good. Data application result and prospect: The data has been published, the detailed information can be found in the published paper. Zhiheng Du, Cunde Xiao, Vasile I. Furdui C,Wangbin Zhang. (2019). The perchlorate record during 1956–2004 from Tienshan ice core, East Asia. Science of the Total Environment. Time range and resolution: 1956-2004 AD, and annual resolution.
Du Zhiheng
The data set of ice core-snow black carbon content on the Tibetan plateau (1950-2006) contains five (5) tables: 1 Xu et al. 2006 AG, 2 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_Conc., 3 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_flux, 4 Xu et al. 2012 ERL, 5 Wang et al. 2015 ACP. The data collection sites include the Meikuang glacier, Dongkemadi, Qiangyong, Kangwure, Naimona’nyi, Muztagata, Rongbuk, Tanggula Mountain, Ningjin Gangsang, Zuoqipu, and Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of the Ürüqi River. The latitudes and longitudes of the collection locations, elevations and other information are marked in the data. The main indicators of the data are location, time, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC) content and flux. Location: latitude and longitude Time: year or date OC: organic carbon EC: elemental carbon BC: Black carbon Conc.: content, unit: ng g-1 Flux: flux, unit: mg m-2a-1 The data come from the following subjects. 1. National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)：Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Remote Sensing Modeling of Global Change Sensitive Factors; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 2. National Key Basic Research Program: The Response of Formation and Evolution on the Tibetan Plateau to Global Changes and Adaptation Strategy; Person in charge: Tandong Yao; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 3. The General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China: High-resolution Carbon Black Recording in Snow Ice of the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 4. The General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Extraction of Climate and Environment Information from Ice Core Encapsulated Gas on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 5. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Snow and Ice-Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Changes on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 6. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Study on the Changes of Aerosol Emissions and Combustion in Human Activities in South Asia in the Past 100 Years; Person in charge: Mo Wang; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Observation methods: two-step heating method, thermal/optical carbon analysis method, and single-particle black carbon aerosol photometer.
XU Baiqing
Climate records obtained by most instruments are relatively short in time, which limits the study of climate change, necessitating the use of proxy data to extend records to the past. It was not until the late 1940s that atmospheric data of sufficient quality and spatial resolution were available to determine the main patterns of climate change such as the North American Pacific model and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The global ice cores are from the north and south poles and the third pole, and there are also mountain glaciers in Alaska. The ice core data obtained in that area are of great significance for revealing the climate in North America and climate change in the Arctic regions at both low and high latitudes. The physical meaning of each variable: First column: time; second column: accumulation rate data; third column: oxygen isotope data value
Du Zhiheng
The Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2), initiated by the United States, has provided detailed oxygen isotope data for a time span of more than 100,000 years, covering almost the entire glacial-interglacial cycle. These data include the oxygen isotope changes from 818 to 1987, with a clear record showing that the Little Ice Age was the coldest period of the past 1000 years. Fluctuating warming occurred from 1850 to 1987, and the changes were consistent with those of GRIP, NGRIP and the latest NEEM ice core obtained in Greenland. This finding indicated that the snow and ice records from the Greenland ice sheet were highly consistent. The physical meaning of each variable is as follows: First column: ice core depth; second column: oxygen isotope value; third column: time
Du Zhiheng
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