Based on the data of Gaogao No. 1 and No. 2 in China from 2019 to 2020, the freeze-thaw disaster distribution data of Qinghai Tibet project corridor is produced by using the deep learning classification method and manual visual interpretation and correction. The geographical range of the data is 40km along the Xidatan Anduo section of Qinghai Tibet highway. The data include the distribution data of thermal melting lakes and ponds and the distribution data of thermal melting landslides. The data set can provide data basis for the research of freeze-thaw disaster and engineering disaster prevention and reduction in Qinghai Tibet engineering corridor. The spatial distribution of freezing and thawing disasters within 40km along the Xidatan Anduo section of Qinghai Tibet highway is self-made based on the domestic gaogao-2 image data. Firstly, the deep learning method is used to extract the mud flow terrace block from Gaogao No. 2 data; Then, ArcGIS is used for manual editing. During the production process, the operators are required to strictly abide by the operation specifications, and a special person is responsible for the quality review.

The Tibetan Plateau, featuring the most extensive lake distribution in China, has seen rapid expansion of most its lakes. These lakes are important nodes for regional water and energy cycles, and highly sensitive to climate change. It is therefore imperative to unravel lake water storage changes under climate variation and change to improve the understanding of mechanisms of the interactions between regional hydrology and climate and their changes. This developed data set provides water level, hypsometric curves, and lake storage changes for 52 large lakes across the TP from 2000 to 2017, comprising traditional altimetry water levels and a unique source of information termed as the optical water levels derived from tremendous amounts of Landsat archives using Google Earth Engine. Field experiments agree with the theoritical analysis that the uncertainty of optical water level is 0.1 - 0.2 m, comparable with that of altimetry water level. The uncertainty of altimetry water level is represented by the standard deviation of water levels obtained from effective footprints of the same cycle, which is included in the dataset. This dataset is applicable in water resource and security management, lake basin hydrological analysis, water balance analysis and the like. For instance, it has great potential in monitoring lake overflow flood.

The data involved three periods of geodetic glacier mass storage change of three Rongbuk glaciers and its debris-covered ice in the Rongbuk Catchment from 1974-2016 (unit: m w.e. a-1). It is stored in the ESRI vector polygon format. The data sets are composed of three periods of glacier surface elevation difference between 1974-2000，2000-2016 and 1974-2006, i.e. DHPRISM2006-DEM1974（DH2006-1974）、DHSRTM2000-DEM1974（DH2000-1974）、DHASTER2016-SRTM2000（DH2016-2000）. DH2006-1974 was surface elevation change between ALOS/PRISMDEM(PRISM2006) and DEM1974, i.e. the DEM1974 was subtracted from PRISM2006, DH2006-1974 =PRISM2006 – DEM1974. The PRISM2006 was generated from stereo pairs of ALOS/PRISM on 4 Dec. 2006. The earlier historical DEM (DEM1974, spatial resolution 25m) was derived from 1:50,000 topographic maps in October 1974(DEM1974,spatial resolution 25m). The uncertainty in the ice free areas of DHPRISM2006-DEM1974 was ±0.24 m a-1. DHSRTM2000-DEM1974（DH2000-1974）was surface elevation change between SRTM DEM(SRTM2000) and DEM1974. The uncertainty in the ice free areas of DHSRTM2000-DEM1974 was ±0.13 m a-1. DHASTER2016-SRTM2000（DH2016-2000）was the surface elevation change between ASTER DEM2016 and SRTM DEM(SRTM2000). The uncertainty in the ice free areas of DHASTER2016-SRTM2000 was ±0.08 m a-1. Glacier-averaged annual mass balance change (m w.e.a-1) was averaged annually for each glacier, which was calculated by DH2006-1974/DH2000-1974/DH2016-2000, glacier coverage area and ice density of 850 ± 60 kg m−3. The attribute data includes Glacier area by Shape_Area (m2), EC2000-1974/EC2016-2000/EC2006-1974, i.e. Glacier-averaged surface elevation change in each period(m a-1), MB2000-1974/ MB2016-2000/MB2006-1974, i.e. Glacier-averaged annual mass balance in each period (m w.e.a-1), and MC2000-1974/ MC2016-2000/MC2006-1974,Glacier-averaged annual mass change in each period(m3 w.e.a-1), Uncerty_EC is the maximum uncertainty of glacier surface elevation change（m a-1）、Uncerty_MB, is the maximum uncertainty of glacier mass balance（m w.e. a-1），Uncerty_MC, is the maximum uncertainty of glacier mass change（m3w.e. a-1）。 MinUnty_EC，is the minimum uncertainty of glacier surface elevation change，MinUnty_MB，is the minimum uncertainty of glacier mass balance（m w.e. a-1），MinUnty_MC is the minimum uncertainty of glacier mass change（m3 w.e. a-1.The data sets could be used for glacier change, hydrological and climate change studies in the Himalayas and High Mountain Asia.

Based on 11 well-acknowledged global-scale microwave remote sensing-based surface soil moisture products, and with 9 main quality impact factors of microwave-based soil moisture retrieval incorporated, we developed the Remote Sensing-based global Surface Soil Moisture dataset (RSSSM, 2003~2020) through a complicated neural network approach. The spatial resolution of RSSSM is 0.1°, while the temporal resolution is approximately 10 days. The original dataset covered 2003~2018, but now it has been updated to 2020. RSSSM dataset is outstanding in terms of temporal continuity, and has full spatial coverage except for snow, ice and water bodies. The comparison against the global-scale in-situ soil moisture measurements indicates that RSSSM has a higher spatial and temporal accuracy than most of the frequently-used global/regional long-term surface soil moisture datasets. In addition, although RSSSM is remote sensing based, without the incorporation of any precipitation data or records, its interannual variation generally conforms with that of precipitation (e.g., the GPM IMERG precipitation data) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Moreover, RSSSM can also reflect the impact of human activities, e.g., urbanization, cropland irrigation and afforestation on soil moisture changes to some degree. The data is in ‘Tiff’ format, and the size after compression is 2.48 GB. The relevant data describing paper has been published in the Journal ‘Earth System Science Data’ in 2021.

1) The optical depth, vertical mass concentration and extinction coefficient of dust, sulfate, organic carbon, black carbon and sea salt aerosols and total aerosols were measured; 2) Data source: numerical simulation, processing method: Based on CALIPSO satellite vertical observation and global aerosol model, it is generated by four-dimensional local ensemble transformation Kalman filter assimilation method; 3) The data quality is good; 4) It can also be used to study the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols and their spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation and their assimilation.

This dataset covers the 2017 sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, PM2.5 emissions grid list of Pan-third polar regions (South Asia: Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives; Central Asia: Turkistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan; Josiah: Iran, Iraq, azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, yemen, bahrain, Qatar, Oman, united Arab emirates, Kuwait, Lebanon, Cyprus). The emission inventory is derived from the data set publicly available in IIASA network. By using ArcGIS software technology, the emission inventory is processed into a GRID data set of 50km*50km, whose quality can be guaranteed. The data can be used by modelers to further study climate and air quality in the third polar region.

High resolution pollen records from ice cores can indicate the relationship between seasonal vegetation changes and climate indicators. High resolution sporopollen analysis was carried out on the 32 m ice core sediments of Zuopu ice core in Qinghai Tibet Plateau. 117 SPOROPOLLEN ASSEMBLAGES were obtained. All the data are sporopollen percentage data, which are arranged in order of depth.

1) Data content : total column water / precipitable water; 2) Data sources and processing methods: ECMWF-interm monthly mean analysis; 3) Data quality description: time resolution: monthly, spatial resolution: 0.7°*0.7°; 4) Data application results and prospects: this data can be used for analysis of water resources in the air.

1) Data content: including the central Asian region, the regional scope: 30°N ~ 60°N, 40°E ~ 90°E; 2) Data source: process the CMIP data set and use bilinear interpolation to interpolate the data of different resolution modes to 0.5°× 0.5°，CRU observation data from 1901 to 2014;; 3) Data quality: the time length is long, the data quality is good, and the missing values are marked by 999; 3) Prospect of data application achievement set: the data has been used to evaluate the simulation capability of temperature in central Asia, and the capability of climate system model to simulate historical climate change in central Asia has been evaluated through calculation and analysis of regional mean, relative error, root-mean-square error, Taylor diagram, EOF. 4) data reliability: by comparing and analyzing the annual changes of the observed and simulated data, the data results show a significant warming trend. By carrying out correlation test on the data results, they all pass the 99% reliability test.At the same time, CMIP plan data and CRU data are also common data sets, which are often used in many studies on climate change.

The temperature humidity index (THI) was proposed by J.E. Oliver in 1973. Its physical meaning is the temperature after humidity correction. It considers the comprehensive impact of temperature and relative humidity on human comfort. It is an important index to measure regional climate comfort. On the basis of referring to the existing classification standards of physiological and climatic evaluation indexes, combined with the natural and geographical characteristics of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and facing the needs of human settlements suitability evaluation in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the temperature and humidity index and its suitability zoning results of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (more than 3000 meters) are developed (including unsuitable, critical suitable, general suitable, relatively suitable and highly suitable).

High Mountain Asia is the third largest cryosphere on earth other than the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The large amounts of glaciers and snow over the High Mountain Asia play an important role not only on global water cycle but also on water resources and ecology of the arid regions of central Asia. The snowline, as the lower boundary of the snow covered area at the end of melting season, its altitude changes can directly reflect the changes in snow and glaciers. The snowline altitude provides a possibility to rapidly obtain a proxy for their equilibrium line altitude (ELA) which in turn is an indicator for the glacier mass balance. In this dataset, the daily MODIS snow cover products from 2001 to 2019 are used as the main data source. The cloud removal of the daily MODIS snow cover products was firstly carried out based on the developed cubic spline interpolation cloud-removel method, and snow covered days (SCD) are extracted using the cloud-removed MODIS snow cover products. In addition, the MODIS SCD threshold for estimating perennial snow cover is calibrated using the observed data of glacier annual mass balance and Landsat data at the end of melting season. The altitude value of the snowline at the end of melting season is determined by combining the perennial snow cover area and the hypsometric (area-elevation) curve. Finally, the 30km gridded dataset of snowline altitude in the High Mountain Asia during 2001-2019 is generated. This dataset can provide data support for the study of cryosphere and climate change over the High Mountain Asia.

Aiming at sustainable agriculture and food production in Central Asia, the vulnerability of land resources is investigated from the view of exploitation risk of land resources. The evaluation indices of land resources for farmland include topographic factors (such as elevation and slope), land use type, soil texture, etc. The evaluation indices of sustainable agriculture include GDP per capita, grain production per capita, growth rate of agricultural economy, urbanization rate, natural growth rate of population, soil organic matter content, etc. The evaluation indices above which can indicate the properties of land resources directly are used as the evaluation indices of land resources vulnerability. Further, the weighted average of these indices is taken as the land resources vulnerability. The land resources vulnerability is one element of land resources exploitation risk, and the weights of land resources vulnerability evaluation indices are determined with multiple linear regression when the land resources exploitation risk is evaluated. The datasets include land resources vulnerabilities in 1995s (1992-1996), 2000s (1997-2001), 2005s (2002-2006), 2010s (2007-2011), 2015s (2012-2017) and 1995-2015 with a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5°. It is expected to provide basic information for agricultural production and land resources exploitation in five countries in Central Asia.