The data set records the number of students per 10,000 population in Qinghai province from 1952 to 2020, and the data is divided by statistical year. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 22 data tables, which are: Number of students per 10,000 population in Qinghai Province (1957-2020). XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province, 1952-1998. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province, 1952-1999. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province, 1952-2000. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province, 1952-2001. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province, 1952-2002. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2003. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province, 1952-2004. XLS Main years Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2006. XLS Main years Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2007. XLS Main years Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2008. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2009. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2011. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province 1952-2012. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province 1952-2013. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province 1952-2014. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province 1952-2015. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province 1952-2016. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province from 1957 to 2017. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in The province, 1957-2018. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in the province, 1963-2010. XLS Number of students per 10,000 population in main years 1996 -2005. XLS The data table structure is the same. For example, the number of students per 10,000 population in the province from 1952 to 1998 has 6 fields: Field 1: Year Field 2: College students Field 3: Secondary school students Field 4: Intermediate division Field 5: Secondary school students
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
This data set records the statistical data of various professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in Qinghai Province from 2001 to 2020. The data are divided into agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, mining, manufacturing, power, gas and water production and supply, construction, transportation, warehousing and postal administration, information transmission, computer services and software, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering, and gold Financial industry, real estate industry, leasing and business service industry, scientific research and technology service, geological exploration industry, water conservancy environment and public facilities management industry, resident service and other service industries, education, health, social security and social welfare industry, culture, sports and entertainment industry, public management and social organizations, international organizations, etc. The data are compiled from the statistical yearbook of Qinghai Province issued by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of statistics. The dataset contains 36 data tables: Professional and technical personnel of state-owned institutions and enterprises in major years 2005-2013 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned institutions and enterprises in major years 2005-2014 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned institutions and enterprises in major years 2005-2012 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in major years 2005-2015 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in major years 2005-2016 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2020 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in Qinghai Province from 2010 to 2019 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in major years 2005-2017 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions in major years 2010-2018 xls Situation of various professional and technical personnel in institutions and enterprises, 2001-2003 xls Situation of various professional and technical personnel in institutions and enterprises, 2001-2005 xls。 Professional and technical personnel of institutions and enterprises, 2004 xls Professional and technical personnel of public institutions by industry, 2004 xls Professional and technical personnel of public institutions by industry, 2003 xls Professional and technical personnel of enterprises and institutions by industry, 2006 xls Professional and technical personnel of the enterprise by industry, 2004 xls Professional and technical personnel by industry, 2003 xls Professional and technical personnel in state - owned institutions and enterprises, 2001 - 2006 XLS Professional and technical personnel in state - owned institutions and enterprises, 2001 - 2007 XLS Professional and technical personnel in state - owned institutions and enterprises, 2001 - 2008 XLS Professional and technical personnel of state - owned institutions and enterprises 2005 - 2009 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned institutions and enterprises, 2005-2010 XLS Professional and technical personnel of state-owned institutions and enterprises, 2005-2011 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2010 xl Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2011 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2012 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2013 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2014 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2015 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2016 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2017 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry in 2018 xls Professional and technical personnel of various industries in state-owned enterprises and institutions, 2006 xls Professional and technical personnel of various industries in state-owned enterprises and institutions, 2007 xls Professional and technical personnel of various industries in state-owned enterprises and institutions, 2008 xls Professional and technical personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions by industry, 2009 xls The data table structure is the same. For example, there are 7 fields in the 2003 data sheet of the enterprise's professional and technical personnel by industry: Field 1: Industry Field 2: Total Field 3: engineering technicians Field 4: agricultural technicians Field 5: Researchers Field 6: health technicians Field 7: Educators
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The data set records the population of ethnic minorities in Qinghai province from 1952 to 2019. The data is divided by the total population of ethnic minorities, Tibetan, Hui, Tu, Salar, Mongolian and other ethnic groups, and the proportion of the total population in the province. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 22 data tables, which are: Population of ethnic minorities in the province, 1952-1998. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in the province, 1952-1999. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in The province, 1952-2000. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in the province, 1952-2001. XLS Population of ethnic minorities 1952-2002. XLS Population of ethnic minorities 1952-2003. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1952-2004. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1952-2006. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1952-2008. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1952-2009. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1982-2010. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1985-2007. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 1990-2005. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2000-2011. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2006-2013. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2006-2014. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2006-2015. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2006-2016. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2006-2019. XLS Population of ethnic minorities in main years 2005-2012. XLS Population of ethnic minorities, 2006-2017. XLS Population of ethnic minorities, 2006-2018. XLS data table structure is the same. For example, the data table of the population of ethnic minorities in the province from 1952 to 1998 has 8 fields: Field 1: ethnic group Field 2:1952 Field 3:1978 Field 4:1982 Field 5:1990 Field 6:1996 Field 7:1997 Field 8:1998
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
This data set records the statistical data of total wages of employees employed in all units by industry in Qinghai Province from 2010 to 2020. Data in an ecological-economic, mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water, construction, wholesale and retail trade, transportation, warehousing and postal service, accommodation and catering industry, information transmission, software, finance, real estate, leasing and business services, scientific research and technical services, water environment and public facilities management, residents service, repair and other services, and taught Education, health and social work, culture, sports and entertainment, public administration and social security. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains eight data tables, which are: Employees employed in All Units by Industry (2011). XLS, Employees employed in All Units by Industry (2012). XLS, Employees employed in All Units by Industry (2010-2013). XLS, Employees employed in All Units by Industry (2010-2014). Number of Employed Persons in All Units by Industry 2011-2015 XLS, Number of Employed Persons in All Units by Industry 2012-2017 XLS, Number of Employed Persons in All Units by Industry in Qinghai Province (2015-2020) XLS, Employed persons in all Units by Industry 2013-2018. XLS. The data table structure is the same. For example, the data table from 2012 to 2018 has 9 fields: Field 1: Item Field 2: Item Field 3:2012 Field 4:2013 Field 5:2014 Field 6:2015 Field 7:2016 Field 8:2017 Field 9:2018
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The data set recorded the basic employment statistics of Qinghai Province from 1985 to 2019, which were divided by the total number of employed persons, the composition of employed persons, the number of employed persons by urban and rural areas, and the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 19 data tables, which are: Basic information on employment in main years 1985-2006. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 1985-2010. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 1990-2005.xls Basic information on employment in main years 1998-2004. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2000-2007.xls Basic information on employment in main years 2000-2008. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2000-2009. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2005-2011. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2007-2013. XLS Basic information on employment in Main years 2008-2014. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2009-2015. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2010-2016. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2011-2017. XLS Basic information on employment in major years 2012-2018. XLS Basic information on Employment in main years 2018-2019. XLS Basic information on employment in main years 2007-2012. XLS Basic information on employment 1995-2001. XLS Basic information on employment 1996-2002. XLS Basic information on employment 1997-2003. XLS The data table structure is the same. For example, the basic employment data table 1995-2001 contains eight fields: Field 1: Item Field 2:1995 Field 3:1996 Field 4:1997 Field 5:1998 Field 6:1999 Field 7:2000 Field 8:2001
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The data set records the population changes in Qinghai province from 1952 to 2019, and the data is divided by year. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 19 data tables, all of which have the same structure. For example, the data table from 1952 to 1998 has 11 fields: Field 1: Year Field 2: Year-end population Field 3: Male Field 4: Female Field 5: Town population Field 6: Rural population Field 7: Agricultural population Field 8: Non-agricultural population Field 9: Birth rate Field 10: Population mortality rate Field 11: Natural population growth rate
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The data set recorded the basic situation of rural areas and the statistical data of rural employees in Qinghai Province from 2000 to 2020. The data were divided by rural grassroots organizations, household number and population, rural employees and national economic industries. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 18 data tables, which are: Basic Statistics of Rural areas and Rural Employees 2000-2005. XLS Basic Statistics of Rural areas and Rural Employees 2000-2006. XLS Basic Statistics of Rural areas and Rural Employees 2000-2007. XLS Rural basic information and rural employees 2002-2003. XLS Rural Basic Information and Rural Employees 2004. XLS Basic statistics of rural areas and Rural Employees 2005-2009. XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2005-2010. XLS Basic Statistics of Rural areas and Rural Employees 2005-2011. XLS Basic Statistics of Rural areas and Rural Employees 2007-2012 XLS Basic Statistics of Rural areas and Rural Employees 2008-2013 XLS Rural basic Information and Rural Employees 2008. XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2010-2014 XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2010-2015 XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2011-2016 XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2012-2017. XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2013-2018 XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2014-2019. XLS Basic Statistics on Rural areas and Rural Employees 2015-2020 XLS The data table structure is the same. For example, the 2002-2003 data table of rural basic information and Rural Employment has 6 fields: Field 1: indicator Field 2:2000 Field 3:2001 Field 4:2002 Field 5:2003 Field 6:2003 is % of 2002
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The data set records the statistical data of changes of registered urban unemployed in Qinghai province in major years from 1980 to 2020, and the data is divided by year. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains data tables, all of which have the same structure. For example, the 2018 table has seven fields: Field 1: Year Field 2: Total number of unemployed persons Field 3: Number of carryovers from previous year Field 4: New additions for the year Field 5: Number of unemployed persons placed for employment in the current year Field 6: Actual number of unemployed persons at the end of this year Field 7: Registered urban unemployment rate
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
This data set records the mechanical changes of population in Qinghai Province from 1952 to 2018. The data is divided by year. The data is the annual report data of the provincial public security department. The immigration and emigration population after 1985 are inter provincial immigration and emigration. The data in 1952 is based on the China population · Qinghai volume published by China finance and Economics Press Based on relevant data. The data are compiled from the statistical yearbook of Qinghai Province issued by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of statistics. The dataset contains 25 data tables: Changes of population and machinery in Qinghai Province in Main Years (1990-2019) xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2004 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2008 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2009 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2010 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2011 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2012 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2013 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2014 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2015 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2016 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2006 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1952-2007 xls Mechanical changes in population in Main Years 1987-2005 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1990-2017 xls Changes in population and machinery in major years 1990-2018 xls Main population changes 1952-2001 xls Main population changes 1952-2002 xls Population changes 1952-2003 xls Changes in population machinery, 1952-2002 xls Changes in population and machinery, 1952-2003 xls Changes of population and machinery in the whole province from 1952 to 1998 xls Changes of population and machinery in the whole province from 1952 to 1999 xls Changes of population and machinery in the whole province from 1952 to 2000 xls Changes of population and machinery in the whole province from 1952 to 2001 The XLS data table has the same structure. For example, there are five fields in the 1952-1998 data table of population and machinery changes in the province: Field 1: year Field 2: number of people Field 3: migration rate Field 4: number of people Field 5: emigration rate
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
"The data records statistics on the number of non-private employment in Qinghai province by type of registration and industry at the end of the year from 2011 to 2020. The data are grouped by enterprises, institutions and organs, and by industry of the national economy. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 10 data tables with the same structure. For example, the 2018 table has six fields: Field 1: Item Field 2: Item Field 3: Total Field 4: State-owned units Field 5: Town collective units Field 6: Other units
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
"This data set records the statistical data of the basic situation of households in Qinghai Province from 2013 to 2020. The data are divided by the number of sample households, households within the period, permanent resident labor force, permanent resident employees and housing. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 9 data tables, which are: Basic Information of Households 2013-2014 XLS Basic information of Households 2014-2015 XLS Basic information of Households 2016-2017. XLS Basic information of Households in 2016. XLS Basic information on Households 2017-2018. XLS Basic information of households in 2019. XLS Basic Information of Households 2020. XLS The data table structure is the same. For example, basic household information 2013-2014 data table has 7 fields: Field 1: indicator Field 2: All households Field 3: Urban households Field 4: Rural households Field 5: All households Field 6: Urban households Field 7: Rural households
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The dataset records the statistical data of marriage registration in Qinghai province from 1998 to 2020, and the data are divided by industry, region, affiliation and registration type. The data are collected from qinghai Statistical Yearbook released by Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 15 data tables, which are: Marriage registration 1998. XLS Marriage registration 1999. XLS Marriage registration 2000. XLS Marriage registration 2001. XLS Marriage registration 2002. XLS Marriage registration 2003. XLS Marriage registration 2004. XLS Marriage registration 2005. XLS Marriage Registration 2006. XLS Marriage Registration 2007. XLS Marriage Registration 2008. XLS Marriage registration 2009. XLS Marriage Registration in 2010. XLS Marriage Registration 2011. XLS Marriage registration 2011-2020. XLS The data table structure is the same. For example, marriage registration 2001 The 2001 data table has 6 fields: Field 1: region Field 2: Permission to register marriage couples Field 3: # First marriage Field 4: # Remarried person Field 5: # Remarriage pair Field 6: Permission to register divorce couples
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
Human adaptation to high altitude environment (> 2500m) is an important milestone in the process of human evolution and diffusion. As the highest altitude and largest plateau in the world, the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is an ideal area for human adaptation to extreme hypoxia environment. An early site with continuous strata, the site of jijunbu, was newly discovered on the Bank of Zhuanglang River in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province, northeast of Qinghai Tibet Plateau. A series of samples were taken from the site in 2015 and 2018. The results of photoluminescence dating show that the age of the site is 120-90 Ka, which is the earliest wilderness site on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, providing new clues for the study of early human activity history and survival adaptation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
ZHANG Dongju
The data set of economic, population, and urbanization growth and change in Qilian mountain area includes the social and economic development indicators of 1949-2020 long-term time series of 5 prefecture-level cities and 14 districts and counties in the Qilian mountain basin, such as the added value of the tertiary industry, population scale, etc. They are the subsets of economic, population, and urbanization growth changes of prefecture-level cities in Qilian mountain and the subsets of county-level economic, population, and urbanization growth changes in Qilian mountain. The data comes from Gansu statistical yearbook, Wuwei statistical bulletin of national economic and social development, Zhangye statistical bulletin of national economic and social development, Jiuquan statistical bulletin of national economic and social development, Jinchang statistical bulletin of national economic and social development, Jiayuguan statistical bulletin of national economic and social development, and social development of Ejina Banner. Since the data source is the publicly released provincial and Municipal Statistical Yearbook, the data has not been cross verified, and the consistency and accuracy of the data need to be verified in the process of data analysis and application. The data set is a macro data set reflecting the growth and change of economy, population, and urbanization in Qilian mountain. It has complete coverage and long-time series. It can provide basic information for the social and economic development and change of Qilian mountain.
WU Feng
This data includes future population and GDP estimates based on the SSP2 scenario at the Mekong basin grid scale. The data comes from the global population projection data with a spatial resolution of 5 minutes (about 10km) and the GDP projection data with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees (about 50km) provided by the ISIMIP. The method of spatial interpolation is used to get 0.25-degree population projection data from 5-min population projection, and 0.5-degree GDP projection data is downscaled to obtain the 0.25 degree GDP data. The data provided by ISIMIP has passed the data with good quality control, and has not been further verified after data interpolation. The data can be used for the socio-economic impact assessment of climate change and extreme climate events in the Mekong River Basin.
LIU Xingcai
Quantitative evaluation and comprehensive measurement of resource and environment carrying capacity is the key technical link of resource and environment carrying capacity research from classification to synthesis. Based on the evaluation of the suitability of human settlements, the limitation of resource carrying capacity and socio-economic adaptability, and according to the research idea and technical route of "suitability zoning restrictive classification adaptability classification warning classification", a three-dimensional tetrahedral model for the comprehensive evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity with balanced significance is constructed. Based on the 10km grid, a comprehensive study on the resource and environment carrying capacity was carried out, and the resource and environment carrying capacity index of the areas along the silk road was quantitatively simulated. Taking 1 as the equilibrium significance, it provided support for the comprehensive evaluation of the resource and environment carrying capacity of the areas along the silk road.
YOU Zhen
The Hindu Kush mountains are tall mountains in Central Asia. The average altitude is about 5000 meters, and the highest peak, tiriqmir peak, is 7690 meters above sea level. It is the watershed between the Indus River in the southwest of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Amu Darya River in the Pamir Plateau. Studying the genetic structure of the population in this area will help to deeply understand the diffusion history of the population and the genetic basis of adapting to the plateau environment. Studying the genetic structure of the population in this area will help to deeply understand the diffusion history of the population and the genetic basis of adapting to the plateau environment. In this study, we studied the maternal genetic structure of 213 individuals from 5 populations distributed in Xingdu Kush mountains. The mitochondrial genome sequences of 213 individuals (average depth > 1000x) were obtained by mitochondrial genome capture library construction and second-generation sequencing (Illumina hiseq x ten platform). Based on the idea of phylogeny, we control the quality of these data to ensure that there are no quality problems such as sample pollution. The modified Cambridge standard sequence was used as a reference for the output of mutation sites. According to the mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic tree (phylotree. ORG) of people around the world, each sample was divided into haplotype groups. Based on the mtDNA data of modern population and ancient samples published in the past, the origin and diffusion history of population in this area were systematically studied. The results show that the main maternal genetic components of Indo European populations in this region come from western Eurasia. Haplotypes w3a1a and j1b1a1 may be related to the migration of Indo European language groups, indicating that the diffusion of Indo European language groups to South Asia may not only be a simple cultural expansion, but also accompanied by the migration of some people. In addition, the study also shows that northern Pakistan may play an important channel role in the diffusion of Indo European languages to South Asia.
KONG Qingpeng
To investigate the paternal genetic structure of Tibetans, 447 male samples were collected from Ngari (n=211), Chamdo (n=119), and Nyingchi (n=117). Firstly, SNP genotyping was performed to allocate samples into haplogroups. To further evaluate the genetic diversity of the major Y-chromosomal haplogroup in Tibetan populations from Lhasa, eight commonly used Y-chromosomal STR (short tandem repeat) loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) were genotyped using fluorescence-labeled primers with an ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The results indicated that haplogroup D displayed highest frequency in these three Tibetan populations (Ngari 54.50%, Nyingchi 64.10%, Chamdo 67.23%). Among haplogroup D, D-P47 showed the highest frequency (Ngari 29.39%, Nyingchi 51.28%, Chamdo 55.46%). Differently, D-N1 showed the highest frequency in Ngari (21.33%), followed by Nyingchi (11.97%) and Chamdo (10.92%). Haplogroup O-M117 is the second frequent haplogroup in these three populations, with the highest frequency in Ngari (29.86%), followed by Nyingchi (26.50%) and Chamdo (15.97%). Compared with the other two populations, Ngari Tibetans have higher frequencies of western Eurasian haplogroups, including R-M17 (1.42%), R-M343 (1.42%), and J, probably reflecting more genetic contribution from the west into Ngari. In combination with the data from Lhasa that deposited in 2019 and 2020, our Y chromosome data of Tibetans from different locations on the Tibetan Plateau will be very helpful to understanding the paternal genetic structure of Tibetans. Moreover, the genetic history of Tibetans can also be dissected by phylogeographic and coalescent analyses.
KONG Qingpeng
Hanging coffin burial is a kind of burial custom in which the coffin is placed on the cliff, cave and crevice. Hanging coffin burials are widely distributed in the Yangtze River Valley and the south of China, as well as in Southeast Asia and even the Pacific Islands. With the natural weathering and man-made destruction, there are fewer and fewer such relics. As a kind of peculiar and ancient archaeological cultural remains and funeral custom, hanging coffin culture has been widely concerned by archaeologists. Dating method: the wood samples on the hanging coffin were sent to beta analytical testing laboratory in Miami, USA for C14 determination. Methods: 4 in house NEC accelerator mass spectrometers (AMS) and 4 thermo IRMSS under strict chain of custom and quality control using ISO / IEC 17025:2005 testing accreditation pjla accreditation protocols Results: the dating results show that the earliest hanging coffin burial site is located in Wuyishan area of Fujian Province, 3600 years ago, which is equivalent to the Shang and Zhou dynasties in China. Wuyishan area in Fujian Province is considered to be the birthplace of the hanging coffin burial custom, which later spread to other areas in South China, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Located in the Jinsha River Valley of South Sichuan and Northeast Yunnan, the hanging coffin burial is the latest cultural remains of hanging coffin burial in mainland China (late Ming Dynasty), and also the West pole of the distribution of hanging coffin burial sites in China. There is a hanging coffin group in the mountainous area of Northwest Thailand, 2100-1200 years ago.
QI Xuebin
DNA was extracted from teeth or phalanx. Firstly, we conducted 2 hours UVirradiation on the samples, and removed a layer of surface using a sterile dentistry trill, then again irradiated with 1 hour UV-light on the samples. We drilled out ~80 mg of bone powder for every sample with the sterile dentistry trill, and only do 2 samples at one time (include following procedures until performing sequencing; samples from different archaeological sites were never handled together) to avoid potential individual cross-contamination. Using the 80 mg bone powder, we performed DNA extraction following the silica suspension protocol from an early report (Rohland and Hofreiter 2007), which was modified afterwards (Allentoft, et al. 2015) for customizing recovering of more shorter DNA fragments, that finally resulting a total of 100 μl aliquots for each sample. In brief, the bone powder was digested over night with proteinase K in 0.5M EDTA plus 10% N-Laurylsarcosyl suspension, then the released DNA was absorbed in solution which includes PB buffer, 5M sodium acetate, 5M sodium chloride and SiO2 suspension, and followed by three times of purification using 80% ethyl alcohol. Finally, after airing, the DNA was eluted with 100 μl EB buffer. Next, to perform preliminary aDNA preservation situation screening, using 20μl DNA aliquots of each sample, we built the double strand library (DSL) with no Uracil- DNA-Glycosylase (UDG) treatment under a single indexing with commercial kit (cat no: E7370) from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA) following the manufacturer’s guidelines, as previously reported (Meyer and Kircher 2010) that includes end prep, adaptor ligation, purification, PCR amplification and size selection steps. PCRs were conducted in a final volume of 50 μl using AmpliTaq Gold 360 DNA Polymerase (AmpliTaq Gold, Life Technologies Applied Biosystems) which is able to well amplify across uracils, preserve the DNA damage pattern that induced by deamination, which indicating of authentic aDNA (Krause, et al. 2010). We performed all the sequencing (also the following captured library sequencing) on the Illumina HiSeq X Ten (PE-150) platform ( https://www.illumina.com.cn/systems/sequencing-platforms/hiseq-x.html ). The calculated appraise indexes of aDNA quality and preservation are shown in Table S1. Lastly, we rebuilt the DSLs with 3 hours UDG treatment using the remaining DNA extraction aliquots, which could largely remove uracil residues from DNA fragmental end to leave abasic sites, and cuts the DNA at the 5´ and 3´ sides of the abasic sites with enzyme endonuclease VIII (Endo VIII). For these libraries, we performed the mtDNA capture using myBaits® Mito-Target Capture Kits as previous report (Enk, et al. 2014). Briefly, we used the biotinylated RNA “baits” that are transcribed from the human genomic DNA to perform the capture in solution overnight at 65°C, then mixed in streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and sequestered the targets with a magnetic stand. The PCRs for both pre-capture and post-capture are performed using KAPA HiFi Hot start Polymerase (KAPA BIOSYSTEMS).
QI Xuebin
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