The data set was obtained from the background survey of wildlife diversity in Three River Source National Park by Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The time range of the data set is 2017, and the survey area is Three River Source National Park. The survey species include a variety of rare wildlife such as Equus kiang, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Cervus elaphus, Accipiter nisus, Phoenicurus erythrogastrus, Prionailurus bengalensis, Buteo hemilasius, Procapra picticaudata, Tetraogallus tibetanus, Perdix hodgsoniae, Falco cherrug, etc.
ZHANG Tongzuo
This data set comprises several great achievements of vertebrate paleontology of Tibetan Plateau in the Recent three years. Wang et al. (2016) reported Protovis himalayensis gen. et sp. nov., suggest that the Tibetan Plateau, possibly including Tianshan-Altai, represents the ancestral home range(s) of mountain sheep and that these basal stocks were the ultimate source of all extant species. Li et al. (2017) reported two new hamster species: Nannocricetus qiui and Aepyocricetus liui, indicated that the dispersal of these hamsters into the high-elevation portions of Tibet during the early Pliocene contrasts with the hypothesized biogeographic shift of several large mammal lineages out of Tibet. Wu et al. (2017) reported Eoanabas thibetana gen. et sp. nov., suggests an elevation of North Tibet in late Oligocene was ca. 1,000 m, conflict with conclusions of a high and dry Tibet claimed by some recent and influential palaeoaltimetry studies. The data is from pictures of materials of research achievement above. These lead research on Tibetan Plateau to some new ways.
WU Feixiang
In May and September 2018, fish in Tibetan lakes were collected by net-catching and electric-catching methods. The sampling range from east to west can be roughly summarized into three areas: the Qiangtang Plateau in northern Tibet, southern Tibet and the angle between Kunlun Mountains and Karakoram Mountains. A total of 27 lakes have captured fish. The specimens include more than 2,000 specimens of the genus Triplophysa and more than 600 specimens of subfamily Schizothoracinae. This work is a part of the project of “Building Methods for Detection of Aquatic Organisms in the Lake System of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau”, using traditional fish survey data to generate a list of species in the lake system, which will then be used to combine multiple lakes in Medog and the plateaus. High-throughput molecular data acquired from the system's environmental water samples and tested for visual parameters (lake size, isolation, geographic location, and spectral characteristics) that can be used to predict aquatic biodiversity.
LIU Shuwei
This dataset comprises fossil specimens of Cenozoic mammal collected from Tibetan Plateau and surrounding area, such as Suerkal Basin in A-erh-chin Mountains, Tabenbuluk in Gansu Province, during 2018-04-01 to 2018-10-01. Most of the specimens were collected in surface of section, part were excavated from shallow strata. All of the specimens were sent to Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, cleaned by technician and photographed with digital camera. The specimens are well-preserved and can be easily observed on important characters of the individuals they belong to. The specimens of this data set are all new ones unstudied, and very important for research on mammalian evolution and reconstruction of paleoecology and paleoenvironment in Tibetan Plateau and surrounding area.
WU Feixiang
Based on fieldworks of the Tibetan Plateau and the Pan-Third Pole from 2000 to 2018, the species diversity and distribution database of gammarids (Crustacea, Amphipoda) was built. Gammarids are pilot species in alpine lakes and suitable to serve as indicators for climate change. In order to understand how climate change and geological events influence the diversification of specie and how, in turn, animals adapt to ecological changes, the richness of species and related ecological and distributional data were collected. The species were identified according to the book of Fauna Sinica Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridea III. The species diversity and distribution patterns were analyzed based on this dataset. This dataset can be used to evaluate the species diversity and to give a background for biodiversity conservation.
HOU Zhonge
The birds along the Zhamo Highway in Medog and Bome counties are investigated by mist net method and point count method. According to the 400-meter elevation span, elevation transects were set up in the survey area. Four elevation transects are set up in the north slope from Gangcun to Galong Temple in Bome County, from low to high, and nine elevation transects are set up in the south slope from Jiefang Bridge to Galongla in Medog County. So that we can make a breakthrough understanding the formation and maintenance mechanism of bird diversity in this region. The data of bird diversity and distribution will be used to further explore the key scientific issues such as the impact of climate change on bird diversity and adaptation strategies, and the response and protection strategies of bird species diversity under the global climate change.
DONG Feng
Based on previous herpetological surveys of Xizang plateau from 2010-2018, we collected additional information that included population size, diversity and distribution range for specific amphibian and reptile groups. We selected species belonging to genera Ranidae, Megophryidae, Rhacophoridae, Dicroglossidae, Gekkonidae, Agamidae, Colubridae as model species for study. Following species’ response to environmental changes, we obtained data on population size and distribution range. Our study therefore serves as guide for assessment of biodiversity pattern and mapping out key areas of conservation in Xizang plateau.
CHE Jing
Based on our field works in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) from 2008 to 2018, and combining data from previous studies, we obtained genetic data of all widely distributed amphibian and reptile species in QTP. Meanwhile, our data covered the whole ranges of all the species. To answer the question: ‘How climatic changes influenced animals of QTP?’, we rebuild the demographic history and analyzed how Quaternary climatic changes impacted animals. Then, we identified the locations of refugia. After constructing spatial pattern of genetic diversity, we identified genetic hotspots which needs more conservation effects. These results are important in biodiversity conservation in QTP.
CHE Jing
To analyzing the demographic history and the genetic mechanism underlying local adaptation of the domestic Equus animals in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding regions and building a genetic resources bank of Equus in Pan-Third Pole, we resequenced 236 domestic Equus animal samples collected until 2018, including Tibet horse, Tibet ass, domestic horses and donkeys in the plains. By applying mitochondrial DNA sequencing and D-loop sequencing on 75 samples, including 73 ass and two horses, , a batch of genetic and genome data were generated. It provides basic genetic data to analysis on domestication, immigration and expansion of domestic animals in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Meanwhile it helps better understand the adaption of domestic Equus animal to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau environment.
LI Yan
In the year of 2018, we collected the samples at Taxkorgan county, Kashgar district, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. Taxkorgan county is where the Pamir Plateau located in China. Nearly all this county is on the plateau. The average elevation of this county is more the 4000 m above the sea level. And the lowest part of the county is 3100 m above the sea level. In total, 204 samples were collected in Pamir Plateau this time. The samples collected from several different species which including cattle, yak, sheep, goat, donkey, horse and chicken. Each samples have 3-4 repetitions. For each animal, we recorded the id number, species, sex, date of sample collection, GPS coordination and elevation. Also three mateched images, i.e. from head, hoof or feet and whole body, were took for each animal. All the samples taken from the animal are the blood samples. They were keep into the refrigerator until they were finally tranfered and stored in the germplasm recourses bank.
XU Feng, WANG Muyang
To analyzing the distribution pattern and genetic background of domain domestic animals in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding regions and building a genetic resources bank of animals and plants in Pan-Third Pole, we collected 343 domain domestic animal samples in 2018, including Tibet pigs, Tibet dogs, Tibet sheep and Tibet chickens in Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet Province. By applying mitochondrial DNA sequencing on 159 chickens from northwest Yunnan and southeast Tibet, genome resequencing on 11 wild and domestic pigs and GBS sequencing on 193 domestic cattle, a batch of genetic and genome data were generated. It provides basic genetic data to analysis on domestication, immigration and expansion of domestic animals in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Meanwhile it helps better understand the adaption of domestic animals to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau environment.
YIN Tingting, PENG Minsheng
From October to November 2018, we used both live traps and camera traps to collect mammal diversity and distributions along the elevational gradients at the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve. Small mammal diversity and abundance were collected at 5 elevational belts range between 2600m and 3500m above sea level, with a total of 2776 live trap nights. We collected 439 individuals and 878 tissue samples of small mammals during the first field sampling. We also located 60 camera traps along elevational gradient range between 1050m and 3960m asl, and plan to collect the camera trapping data in May 2019. Small mammal data consist of richness, abundance, traits, environmental gradients etc, and could be used to model relationship between environmental gradients and traits concatenated by richness matrix. Camera trap data could inventory endangered species in the region, and provide information to identify biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities.
LI Xueyou
Based on "Chinese Animals" (Animalia- Chordata-Reptilia-Lacertilia), "Tibetan Amphibians and Reptiles", Chinese and English literature published between 2000 and 2018, and field surgery in Tibetan Plateau from 2018 to 2019, the species composition and distribution of the lizard species in this area are recorded. The lizards widely distributed in the altitude gradients of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are studied. This study focus on the effects of climate change on biodiversity and the response of ectotherms to environmental change, and aims at obtaining data of the number and distribution of species. The species were identified according to the "Chinese Animals" ( Animalia-Chordata- Reptilia-Lacertilia). The species diversity and distribution pattern were analyzed according to the elevation, latitude and longitude, etc. to provide a theoretical basis for assessing the biodiversity pattern and formulating the conservation strategy.
ZENG Zhigao
By archaeological investigation and excavation in Tibetan Plateau, we discovered 8 Paleolithic sites, including 151, Jiangxigou 1, Jiangxigou 2, Heimahe 1, Xiadawu, Yezere, Niamudi and Lingjiong. In this dataset, there are some basic informations about these sites, such as location, longitude, latitude, altitude, material culture and so on. On this Basis, we identified animal remains, plant macrofossil, selected some samples for radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. This dataset provide important basic data for understanding when and how prehistoric human lived in the Tibetan Plateau during the Paleolithic.
ZHANG Dongju , ZHANG Xiaoling, LIU Xiangjun
Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were tested by nested PCR on domestic animals (405 fecal samples from yaks, Tibetan sheep, camels and horses, etc.) in the areas covered by the qinghai-tibet plateau mainly in Tibet and qinghai.1. The overall infection rate of cryptosporidium was 2.96% (12/405), and the detection rate of camels, Tibetan sheep and yaks in qinghai was divided into 15%, 9.8% and 3.1%.The detection rate of yaks in yunnan was 3.1%.No other domestic animals were found in Tibet or yunnan.Two cryptosporidium subspecies were detected in qinghai camels, among which c. ovis subtype was the first detected in camels.C.ryanae subtype was first detected in yaks in yunnan.The overall detection rate of E. bieneusi in domestic animals in qinghai-tibet plateau was 19.75% (80/405), and a total of 9 known subtypes and a new subtype (YN) were detected.The highest detection rate was for camels (45%) in qinghai, followed by Mongolian sheep (42.1%), yak (37.5%), horse (15.62%) and Tibetan sheep (7.3%).The detection rate of Tibetan sheep in Tibet was 10.8%.The detection rates of goats and cattle in yunnan were 36% and 25.7% respectively.CAM2 subtype was first detected in qinghai horses and CAM1 subtype was first detected in yaks.A new subtype YN was detected in yunnan cattle.
ZHANG Zhichao, DUAN Ziyuan
By archaeological investigation and excavation in Tibetan Plateau, we discovered 14 historic period sites, including Meinuo, Sariguo, Rongwaguo, Kaze, Jiha, Yarigei, Bami, Barongbadang, Qingtu, Labu ,Maisong Petroglyph, Gala, Yezere 1 and Yezere 4 . In this dataset, there are some basic informations about these sites, such as location, longitude, latitude, altitude, material culture and so on. On this Basis, we identified animal remains, plant macrofossil, selected some samples for radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. This dataset provide important basic data for understanding when and how prehistoric human lived in the Tibetan Plateau during the historic period.
DONG Guanghui , HOU Guangliang
Based on field surveys in the Tibetan Plateau and the Arid Central Asia from 2007 to 2018, along with strengthened cooperation with domestic and foreign colleagues, the species diversity and distribution database of toad-headed agamas (Phrynocephalus) and racerunner lizards (Eremias) in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent Alashan Desert was built. The toad-headed agamas and racerunners are excellent representative genera/species to serve as indicators for climate change in Asian interior arid zone. In order to understand how climate change and geological events infulence the diversfication of species, and how, in turn, lizards adapt to ecological changes, the richness of species and related distributional data were collected. The species diversity and distribution patterns may be analysed based on this dataset. This dataset can be used to evaluate the species diversity and to provide a cornerstone for biodiversity conservation.
GUO Xianguang
The sustainable development of husbandry industry depends on the conservation of local species, in which the protection of genetic resource is the core. The unique natural environment and long-term artificial selection shape the exclusive characteristics in endemic husbandry animals that well adapt to the local environments in Qinghai and Gansu Provinces. Currently, the introduction of commercial breeds leads to the loss of species diversity of local breeds and challenges the protection of genetic resources. In the present study, extensive field investigations are conducted to assess production performances and species resources, aiming to identify native breeds facing degradations. The achievements of the current study propose the conservative strategies for local domestic animals, which lay the foundation for purification and rejuvenation of endemic species/strains and promote the progression of husbandry industry in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas.
TIAN Fei
By archaeological investigation and excavation in Tibetan Plateau, we discovered 8 Neolithic and Bronze Age sites, including Gaomuxudi, Duojialiang, Shuikou, Qipanshan, Xinzhai, Canxionggasu, Niaodao, Bangga, Baiyangcun and so on. In this dataset, there are some basic informations about these sites, such as location, longitude, latitude, altitude, material culture and so on. On this Basis, we identified animal remains, plant macrofossil, selected some samples for radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. This dataset provide important basic data for understanding when and how prehistoric human lived in the Tibetan Plateau during the Neolithic and Bronze Age.
DONG Guanghui , YANG Xiaoyan, Lü Hongliang
Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of 671 Tibetan individuals from the Tibetan Plateau. The average sequencing depth is 1000×, covering the whole mitochondrial genome of each sample (100%). Quality control was conducted based on phylogenetic analysis, which has been proven to be of great help in distilling potential problems such as artificial recombination. By combining complete mitogenome data from literature, we analyzed how the genetic landscape of Tibetans established, with special attempts to unravel what kind of factors played the most important roles in this process. Results indicated about 20.98% of Tibetan haplogroups differentiated in Tibetans around 5.2–4.0 ka and originated in northern China from 10–6 ka, well matching the dispersal history of millet agriculture. Estimations further suggested that the frequencies of both haplogroups were much more pronounced (40%–50%) in Tibetans before the massive immigrations onto the TP during the historical period. Our study suggests that the migration of millet farmers from northern China played an important role in shaping the genetic landscape of Tibetans.
KONG Qingpeng
The data set contains the rare animal survey data for the Sanjiangyuan area from 2016 to 2017, including the latitude and longitude of the survey site, the length of the sample line, animal discovery time, animal names, quantity, location of the occurrence, type of habitat, affiliated families, etc.
HU Linyong, ZHANG Tongzuo, ZHANG Tongzuo,
The glacial bacterial resource database of the Tibetan Plateau provides the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of several glaciers, which are seven glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau separated by an experimental group led by Yongqin Liu during 2010 to 2018 (East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma, Tianshan Glacier No.1, Guliya Glacier, Laohugou Glacier, Muztagh Ata Glacier, Qiyi Glacier and Yuzhufeng Glacier), the Malan Glacier separated by Shurong Xiang and the Puruogangri Glacier separated by Xinfang Zhang. After the glacier samples were collected, they were taken to the Ecological Laboratory of the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and the National Cryosphere Laboratory in Lanzhou. After applying the spread plate method, the samples were cultured at different temperatures (4-25 °C) for 20 days to 90 days, and single colonies were picked out for purification. After the DNA was extracted from the isolated bacteria, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment was amplified with 27F/1492R primer and sequenced using the Sanger method. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence was compared with the RDP database using the "Classifier" software and identified as level one when the reliability exceeded 80%. These data contain the 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment sequence and glacier sources of each sequence. Compared with sequences based on high-throughput sequencing, these data have a longer sequence and more accurate classification and can better serve in glacier microbiology research.
JI Mukan
The data set of prokaryotic microorganism distribution in the snow and ice of the Arctic Antarctic and the Tibetan Plateau provides the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence collected by the experimental group led by Yongqin Liu from the NCBI database during 2010 to 2018. The keywords for NCBI database search are Antarctic, Arctic Tibetan, and Glacier. The collected sequences were calculated using the DOTOUR software to obtain the similarities between sequences, the sequences with similarities above 97% were clustered into one OTU, and the OTU representative sequence was defined. The OTU representative sequence was compared with the RDP database by the "Classifier" software and was identified as level one when the reliability exceeded 80%. After acquiring the sequence, the GPS coordinates of the sample were obtained by reading the sample information in the sequence file. These data contain the sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments for each sequence, evolutionary classification, and sample GPS coordinates. Compared with sequences based on high-throughput sequencing, these data have a longer sequence and more accurate classification. It is significant for comparing the evolutionary information of three-pole microorganisms and understanding the evolution of psychrophilic microorganisms.
JI Mukan
The data set of bacterial diversity in Tibetan soil provides the microbial distribution characteristics of the soil surface (0-2 cm) of the Tibetan Plateau. The samples were collected from July 1st to July 15th, 2015, from three types of ecosystems: meadows, grasslands and desert. The soil samples were stored in ice packs and transported to the Ecological Laboratory of the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research in Beijing. The DNA from the soil was extracted using an MO BIO Power Soil DNA kit. The soil surface samples were stored in liquid nitrogen after collection, shipped to the Sydney laboratory, and then extracted using a Fast Prep DNA kit. The extracted DNA samples adopted 515F (5'-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3') and 909r (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3') to amplify the 16S rRNA gene fragments. The amplified fragments were sequenced by the Illumina Miseq PE250 method, and the raw data were analyzed using Mothur software. The sequences with poor sequencing quality were first removed; the sequences were sorted, and the chimeric sequences were removed. The similarities between the sequences were then calculated, the sequences with similarities above 97% were clustered into one OTU, and the OTU representative sequence was defined. The OTU representative sequence was compared with the Silva database and identified as level one when the reliability exceeded 80%. The microbial diversities in these data on the Tibetan Plateau were systematically compared, which made them significant to the study of the microbial distribution on the Tibetan Plateau.
JI Mukan
The Antarctic and Arctic bacterial distribution data set provides distribution characteristics of bacteria in the Arctic and Antarctic. The collection period of the samples was from December 13,2005, to December 8,2006; 52 samples were obtained from 3 Arctic regions (Spitsbergen Slijeringa, Spitsbergen Vestpynten, and Alexandra Fjord_Highlands), and 171 samples were obtained from 5 Antarctic regions (the Mitchell Peninsula, Casey station main Power house, Robinsons Ridge, Herring Island, and Browning Peninsula). The soil surface samples were stored in liquid nitrogen after collection, shipped to a Sydney laboratory, and extracted using the FastPrep DNA kit. The extracted DNA samples were processed by 27F (5'-GAGTTTGATCNTGGCTCA-3' and 519R (5'-GTNTTACNGCGGCKGCTG-3') to amplify the 16S rRNA gene fragments. The amplified fragments were sequenced by the 454 method, and the raw data were analyzed by Mothur software. First, the sequences with poor sequencing quality were removed, the sequences were then sorted, and the chimera sequences were removed. The similarities between the sequences were calculated, the sequences with similarities above 97% were clustered into one OTU, and the OTU representative sequence was defined. By comparison with the Silva database, the OTU sequences with reliabilities greater than 80% were identified as level one. This data system compared the diversity of microorganisms in the eastern Antarctic with that in the Arctic and is of great significance for the study of the distributions of microorganisms in the Antarctic and Arctic.
JI Mukan
Microbial diversity data of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. One hundred and thirty-eight samples were collected from July 1st to July 15th, 2015, from 28 lakes (Bamco, Baima Lake, Bange Salt Lake, Bangong Lake, Bengco, Bieruozeco, Cuoeco, Cuoe (Pingcuo North), Dawaco, Dangqiongco, Dangreyongco, Dongco, Eyacuoqiong, Gongzhuco, Guogenco, Jiarebuco, Mapangyongco, Namco, Nieerco (Salt Lake), Normaco, Pengyanco, Pengco, Qiangyong, Selinco, Wuruco, Wumaco, Zharinanmuco, and Zhaxico). The salinity gradients range from 0.07-118 ppm. The DNA extraction method: The DNA was extracted using an MO BIO PowerSoil DNA kit after the lake water was filtered onto a 0.45 membrane. The 16S rRNA gene fragment amplification primers were 515F (5'-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3') and 909r (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3'). The sequencing method was Illumina MiSeq PE250, and the raw data were analyzed by Mothur software, including quality filtering and chimera removal. The sequence classification was based on the Silva109 database, and archaea, eukaryotic and unknown source sequences have been removed. OTUs were classified by 97% similarity, and sequences that appear once in the database were then removed. Finally, each sample was resampled to 7,230 sequences/sample. GPS coordinates, evolutionary information, and environmental factors are listed in the data.
JI Mukan
1. The grassland animal husbandry production and management policies in the study area from 1954 to 2012 mainly include: 1) the time series of the formation and evolution of various policies; 2) the key policies related to herdsman's livestock activities and grassland management and utilization. 2. Residents' perception and response to pastoral socio-economic development policies, grassland management systems, ecological compensation policies, ecological restoration projects, and ecological environment status quo.
ZHAO Chengzhang
Taking Landsat series data as the main data source, including KH in 1965 (only including Gurinai and Guaizi Lake), MSS in 1975, TM in 1990, 1995, 2006 and 2010, and ETM in 2000. Before information extraction, remote sensing images are preprocessed by image synthesis, mosaic, fusion, geometric correction and image enhancement. In the process of correction, ETM + image in 2000 is corrected by 1:100000 topographic map and used as reference image. The 4, 3 and 2 band standard pseudocolor synthesis scheme is selected for image synthesis; during correction, 7 × 8 control points are evenly selected on each image, and the average positioning error is less than 1 pixel, that is, the ground distance is less than 30m. In other years, the datum image of 2000 is used as the reference image for image registration, so that the pixels with the same name on different images have the same geographical coordinates. After correction and registration, the whole image maintains the 30 m spatial resolution of TM. Through field correction, the accuracy of qualitative analysis can be ensured to be over 95%.
XIAO Shengchun
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