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This dataset includes data recorded by the Cold and Arid Research Network of Lanzhou university obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Guazhou Station from September 23 to December 31, 2018. The site (95.673E, 41.405N) was located on a desert in the Liuyuan Guazhou, which is near Jiuquan city, Gansu Province. The elevation is 2016 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 48 m, towards north), wind speed and direction profile (windsonic; 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 48 m, towards north), air pressure (1.5 m), rain gauge (4 m), infrared temperature sensors (4 m, towards south, vertically downward), photosynthetically active radiation (4 m, towards south), soil heat flux (-0.05 m and -0.1m in south of tower), soil soil temperature/ moisture/ electrical conductivity profile -0.05, -0.1m, -0.2m, -0.4m, -0.6m and -0.8m in south of tower), four-component radiometer (4 m, towards south), sunshine duration sensor(4 m, towards south).

The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_2 m, Ta_4 m, Ta_8 m, Ta_16 m, Ta_32 m, and Ta_48 m; RH_2 m, RH_4 m, RH_8 m, RH_16 m, RH_32 m, and RH_48 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_2 m, Ws_4 m, Ws_8 m, Ws_16 m, Ws_32 m, and Ws_48 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_2 m, WD_4 m, WD_8 m, WD_16 m, WD_32 m, and WD_48 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT) (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s m^2)), soil heat flux (Gs_0.05m, Gs_0.1m) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_5 cm, Ts_10 cm, Ts_20 cm, Ts_40 cm, Ts_60 cm, and Ts_80 cm) (℃), soil moisture (Ms_5 cm, Ms_10 cm, Ms_20 cm, Ms_40 cm, Ms_60 cm, and Ms_80 cm) (%, volumetric water content),soil water potential (SWP_5cm, SWP_10cm, SWP_20cm, SWP_40cm, SWP_60cm, and SWP_80cm)(kpa), soil conductivity (Ec_5cm, Ec_10cm, Ec_20cm, Ec_40cm, Ec_60cm, and Ec_80cm)(μs/cm), sun time (h).

The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. The soil water potential in the area is so low that it has exceeded the sensor measurements. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-6-10 10:30.