The SRTM sensor has two bands, namely C-band and X-band. The SRTM we are using now comes from the C-band. The publicly released SRTM digital elevation products include DEM data at three different resolutions: * SRTM1 covers only the continental United States, with a spatial resolution of 1s; * SRTM3 data covers the world with a spatial resolution of 3s. This is the most widely used dataset. The elevation reference of SRTM3 is the geoid of EGM96 and the horizontal reference is WGS84. The nominal absolute elevation accuracy is ± 16m, and the absolute plane accuracy is ± 20m. * SRTM30 data also covers the world, with a resolution of 30s. There are multiple versions of SRTM data. The early SRTM data was completed by NASA's "JPL" (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) ground data processing system (GDPS). The data is called SRTM3- 1. The National Geospatial Intelligence Agency has further processed the data, and the lack of data has been significantly improved. The data is called SRTM3-2. This dataset is mainly the fourth version of SRTM terrain data obtained by CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) using a new interpolation algorithm. This method better fills the SRTM 90 data hole. The interpolation algorithm comes from Reuter et al. (2007). The data of SRTM is organized as follows: every 5 latitude and longitude grids is divided into a file, which are divided into 24 rows (-60 to 60 degrees) and 72 columns (-180 to 180 degrees). The file naming rule is srtm_XX_YY.zip, where XX indicates the number of columns (01-72), and YY indicates the number of rows (01-24). The resolution of the data is 90 m. Data use: SRTM data uses a 16-bit value to represent the elevation value (-/ + / 32767 meters), the maximum positive elevation is 9000 meters, and the negative elevation (12,000 meters below sea level). -32767 standard for empty data.
CGIAR-CSI
DEM is the English abbreviation of Digital Elevation Model, which is the important original data of watershed topography and feature recognition.DEM is based on the principle that the watershed is divided into cells of m rows and n columns, the average elevation of each quadrilateral is calculated, and then the elevation is stored in a two-dimensional matrix.Since DEM data can reflect local topographic features with a certain resolution, a large amount of surface morphology information can be extracted through DEM, which includes slope, slope direction and relationship between cells of watershed grid cells, etc..At the same time, the surface flow path, river network and watershed boundary can be determined according to certain algorithm.Therefore, to extract watershed features from DEM, a good watershed structure pattern is the premise and key of the design algorithm. Elevation data map 1km data formed according to 1:250,000 contour lines and elevation points in China, including DEM, hillshade, Slope and Aspect maps. Data set projection: Two projection methods: Equal Area projection Albers Conical Equal Area (105, 25, 47) Geodetic coordinates WGS84 coordinate system
TANG Guoan
"Heihe River Basin Ecological hydrological comprehensive atlas" is supported by the key project of Heihe River Basin Ecological hydrological process integration research. It aims at data arrangement and service of Heihe River Basin Ecological hydrological process integration research. The atlas will provide researchers with a comprehensive and detailed background introduction and basic data set of Heihe River Basin. Heihe River Basin water system map is one of the hydrological and water resources part of the atlas, with a scale of 1:2500000, positive axis isometric conic projection and standard latitude of 25 47 n. Data sources: river data of Heihe River Basin, reservoir distribution data of Heihe River Basin, residential area data of Heihe River Basin in 2009, administrative boundary data of one million Heihe River Basin in 2008, Lake data of Heihe River Basin and other basic geographic data. The upper reaches of Heihe River Basin are located in Qilian County, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, and the northern foot of Qilian Mountain in Zhangye, Jiuquan City, Sunan and Subei counties of Gansu Province. The middle reaches are located in Shandan, Minle, Ganzhou, Linze, Gaotai, Sunan, Suzhou, Jiayuguan and Yumen counties of Gansu Province. The lower reaches are located in Jinta, Gansu Province, Ejina Banner and Alxa Right Banner of Inner Mongolia, involving three provinces (autonomous regions), 16 cities and counties (District, banner), 56 towns, 45 townships and 4 Sumu. Table 1 shows the information about the administrative divisions of Heihe River Basin.
WANG Jianhua, ZHAO Jun, WANG Xiaomin, FENG Bin
The data set includes ASTER GDEM data and its Mosaic. ASTER Global DEM (ASTER GDEM) is a Global digital elevation data product jointly released by NASA and Japan's ministry of economy, trade and industry (METI) on June 29, 2009. The DEM data is based on the observation results of NASA's new earth observation satellite TERRA.It is produced by the ASTER(Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radio meter) sensor, which collects 1.3 million stereo image data, covering more than 99% of the earth's land surface.The data has a horizontal accuracy of 30 m (95% confidence) and an elevation accuracy of 7-14 m (95% confidence).This data is the third global elevation data, which is significantly higher than previous SRTM3 DEM and GTOPO30 data. We from NASA's web site (http://wist.echo.nasa.gov/api) to download the data of heihe river basin, and through the data center to distribute.The data distributed by the center completely retains the original appearance of the data without any modification to the data.If users need details about ASTER GDEM preparation process, please refer to the data documents of metadata connections, or visit http://www.ersdac.or.jp/GDEM/E/3.html or directly from https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/ reading and ASTER Global DEM related documents. ASTER GDEM is divided into several data blocks of 1×1 degree in distribution, and the distribution format is zip compression format. Each compressed file includes three files. The file naming format is as follows: ASTGTM_NxxEyyy_dem.tif ASTGTM_NxxEyyy_num.tif reademe.pdf Where xx is the starting latitude and yyy is the starting longitude._dem. Tif is the dem data file, _num. Tif is the data quality file, and reademe is the data description file. In order to facilitate users to use the data, on the basis of the fractional ASTER GDEM data, we splice fractional SRTM data to prepare the ASTER GDEM Mosaic map of the black river basin, which retains all the original features of ASTER GDEM without any resamulation. This data includes two files: heihe_aster_gdem_mosaic_dem.img Heihe_Aster_GDEM_Mosaic_num. Img The data is stored in the format of Erdas image, where the file _dem.img is the dem data file and the file _num. Img is the data quality file.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The Shiyang River Basin Information System thematic data set is one of the results of the technical assistance project “Optimization of Desertification Control in Gansu Province” assisted by the Asian Development Bank, including 5 folders including document, investigation_point, maps, photo, and spatial. Each file The folder contains several files. The document folder includes the target design, data processing, thematic summary report, and projection information.The gpspoint folder includes files recorded in shapefile point format sampled by gps according to different purposes.The maps folder contains Chinese, english, and fonts files. Folder, the first two folders represent 14 Chinese and English maps stored in A4 format and pdf format, and fonts contain some special fonts: the photo folder contains field survey digital photos stored in bmp format: spatial The folder contains the dem folder of the digital elevation model, the gansu folder of the outline map of Gansu Province and the Hexi Corridor, the generate folder of the site data file shapefile, the grid folder of the raster data of various geographic features, and the remote sensing image. image folder, meteoHydro folder for original site text data, and vector folder for vector data for various geographic features. The data includes: 1. DEM folder: 100m dem, hillshade, divided into GRID and geotif formats 2. Gansu folder: Gansu border, Hexi border 3. Grid folder: NDVI (vegetation index), lndchange (land transfer matrix), landscape86 (land landscape map in 86 years), landscape2k (land landscape map in 2000), Desertiftype (desert type landscape map), Desersevrt (desert type map ), Annprecip 4. Meteohydro folder: Minqin, Wuwei, Yongchang meteorological data (1) daily daily observation items: Airpress (humidity), Precipitation (radiation), Sunlight (sunlight), Temperature (temperature) ), Wind (wind speed) (2) Months (monthly): Airpress (air pressure), Humidity (humidity), Rain (precipitation), Sunlight (sunlight), Temperature (temperature), Wind (wind speed) (3) tendays: Airpress, Humidity, Rain, Sunlight, Temperature, Wind (4) years (year by year): Precipitation, Temperature 5. Vectro folder: (1) Admwhole (county boundary map), (2) Lake (lake), (3) Hydrasta (hydrological site), (4) Basin (watershed boundary), (5) Landscape2000 (land use 200 (Year), (6) landscape86 (land use 1986), (7) Meteosta (meteorological station), (8) Lakep (reservoir point), (9) Place (residential point), (10) Rainfallcontour (railway), ( 11) Rainfallcontour (rainfall contour map), (12) Road (highway), (13) Stream (water system map), (14) Town (county name), (15) Township (county township boundary), (16) Vegetation (vegetation map) Data projection information: PROJCS ["Albers", GEOGCS ["GCS_Krasovsky_1940", DATUM ["Not_specified_based_on_Krassowsky_1940_ellipsoid", SPHEROID ["Krasovsky_1940", 6378245.0,298.3]], PRIMEM ["Greenwich", 0.0], UNIT ["Degree", 0.0174532925199433]], PROJECTION ["Albers_Conic_Equal_Area"], PARAMETER ["False_Easting", 0.0], PARAMETER ["False_Northing", 0.0], PARAMETER ["longitude_of_center", 105.0], PARAMETER ["Standard_Parallel_1", 25.0], PARAMETER ["Standard_Parallel_2", 47.0], PARAMETER ["latitude_of_center", 0.0], UNIT ["Meter", 1.0]] For detailed data description, please refer to the data file
LI Xin
SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) is by NASA and the national geospatial intelligence agency (NGA) cooperation to build the global 3 d graphics data project.In February 2000, the SRTM system mounted on the U.S. space shuttle endeavour collected radar image data between latitude 60 ° north and latitude 57 ° south, and acquired radar image data covering more than 80% of the world's land surface.After more than two years of processing, the digital terrain elevation model was made. This data set including the heihe river basin SRTM points picture and Mosaic two kinds of data, and the points of the graph is SRTM version 4 data by the CGIAR - CSI (international centre for tropical agriculture, http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/) treatment, compared with the previous version has greatly improved, including: 1) use a lot of interpolation algorithm, 2) use more auxiliary DEM data to fill the blank spots and blank area, 3) compared with the third version of the data and migration half a yuan.The Mosaic map is obtained by splicing on the basis of sub-map. The sub-charts include srtm_56_04,srtm_56_05,srtm_57_04 and srtm_57_054. The data are 16 bit values representing the elevation value (-/+/32767 m). The maximum positive elevation is 9000 m and the maximum negative elevation is 12,000 m below sea level.Null data is identified by -32767.Divide the file into 24 rows (-60 to 60 degrees) and 72 columns (-180 to 180 degrees) per 5 latitude and longitude squares.
TYLER B. STEVENS
DEM (digital elevation model) is the abbreviation of digital elevation model, which is an important original data for watershed terrain and feature recognition. The principle of DEM is to divide the watershed into M rows and N columns of quadrilateral (cell), calculate the average elevation of each quadrilateral, and then store the elevation in a two-dimensional matrix. Because DEM data can reflect the local terrain features of a certain resolution, a large amount of surface morphology information can be extracted by DEM, which includes the slope, slope direction and the relationship between cells of watershed grid unit [7]. At the same time, the surface water flow path, river network and watershed boundary can be determined by certain algorithm. Therefore, to extract basin features from DEM, a good basin structure model is the premise and key of the design algorithm.
XU Zongxue, HU Litang, XU Maosen
The data set analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution, impact and loss of typical global flood disasters from 2018 to 2019. In 2018, there were 109 flood disasters in the world, with a death toll of 1995. The total number of people affected was 12.62 million. The direct economic loss was about 4.5 billion US dollars, which was at a low level in the past 30 years. The number of global flood incidents in 2018 was higher in the first half of the year than in the second half of the year, and the frequency of occurrence was higher from May to July. Therefore, based on three typical disaster events such as the hurricane flood in Florence in the United States in 2018, the flooding of the Niger River in Nigeria in 2018, and the Shouguang flood in Shandong Province in 2018, the disaster background, hazard factors, and disaster situation were analyzed. .
JIANG Zijie, JIANG Weiguo, WU Jianjun, ZHOU Hongmin
This data set is mainly the SRTM terrain data obtained by International Center for Tropical Agriculture （CIAT）with the new interpolation algorithm, which better fills the data void of SRTM 90. The interpolation algorithm was adpoted from Reuter et al. (2007). SRTM's data organization method is as follows: divide a file into 24 rows (-60 to 60 degrees) and 72 columns (-180 to 180 degrees) in every 5 degrees of latitude and longitude grid, and the data resolution is 90 meters. Data usage: SRTM data are expressed as elevation values with 16-bit values (-/+/32767 m), maximum positive elevation of 9000m, and negative elevation (12000m below sea level). For null data use the -32767 standard.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO）
This data is based on the DEM data generated by 1:250,000 digital contour lines and elevation points in China released by national basic geographic information center, and the DEM data set of heihe river basin is generated by the nearest neighbor method resampling method of ARCGIS spatial analysis module with a spatial resolution of 30 SEC.
National Basic Geographic Information Center
The section data of the upper reaches of Heihe River mainly show the structure and cross section distribution characteristics of the terrace of Heihe River. These data are mainly obtained through field investigation and measurement. The data include the forest farm section and raft section near Qilian County in the upper reaches of Heihe River, and the Heihekou section in Yingluoxia.
HU Xiaofei, PAN Baotian
From 2012 to 2013, the geomorphic surface near the Zhengyi gorge in the middle reaches of the Heihe River was investigated, mainly including the 4-level river terrace. The data are mainly obtained through field investigation, and analyzed and mapped indoors to obtain the distribution map of geomorphic surface at all levels near the middle reaches of Zhengyi gorge.
HU Xiaofei, PAN Baotian
A total of 137 soil samples of different vegetation types, different altitudes and different terrains were collected from June 2012 to August 2012. The soil layer of each sample point was divided into three layers of 0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm, with an altitude of 2700-3500m m. The vegetation types were divided into five types: Picea crassifolia forest, Sabina przewalskii, subalpine scrub meadow, grassland and dry grassland. At the same time of sampling, hand-held GPS is used to record the location information and environmental information of each sampling point, including longitude, latitude, altitude, slope, aspect, terrain curvature, vegetation type, soil thickness, maximum root depth, etc. Soil bulk density: The measurement method of soil bulk density is to put the sample into an envelope and dry it in an oven at 105℃ for 24 hours, then take it out and place it for 30 minutes to weigh. The ratio of the weighing result to the volume of the ring cutter is the soil bulk density, and the unit is g/cm3. Soil mechanical composition: hydrometer method is used to measure the soil mechanical composition, which includes the content of soil sand, silt and clay.
ZHAO Chuanyan, MA Wenying
The landform near Qilian in the upper reaches of Heihe River includes the first level denudation surface (wide valley surface) and the Ninth level river terrace. The stage surface distribution data is mainly obtained through field investigation. GPS survey is carried out for the distribution range of all levels of geomorphic surface. The field data is analyzed in the room, and then combined with remote sensing image, topographic map, geological map and other data, the distribution map of all levels of geomorphic surface in the upper reaches of Heihe river is drawn. The age of the denudation surface is about 1.4ma, and the formation of Heihe terrace is later than this age, all of which are terraces since late Pleistocene.
HU Xiaofei, PAN Baotian
This dataset contains three basic remote sensing data of digital topography (DEM), TM remote sensing image and NDVI vegetation index of badan jilin desert. 1. DEM, digital terrain data, from the SRTM1 data set released by NASA in the United States, was cropped in the desert area.The resolution is 30 m.The data is stored in the DEM folder, and the dm.ovr file can be opened by ArcGIS. 2. TM image data.The composite data of Landsat TM/ETM + 543 band released by NASA were cropped in the desert lake group distribution area.The resolution is 30 m.From 1990 to 2010, one scene was selected in summer and one scene in autumn every five years to analyze the long-term changes of the lake.In 2002, there was a scene for each quarter to analyze the changes of the lake during the year.The data is stored in TM folder, TIFF format, can be opened by ArcGIS or ENVI software.The file naming rule is yyyymm.tif, where yyyy refers to the year and mm to the month. For example, 199009 refers to the time corresponding to the impact data of September 1990. 3. NDVI, vegetation index.The modis-ndvi product MOD13Q1, released by NASA, was cropped in desert areas.The NDVI data of every ten days of the growing season (June, July, August and September) from 2000 to 2012 are included. The spatial resolution is 250 m and the temporal resolution is 16 days.Stored in NDVI folder, TIFF format, can be opened by ArcGIS or ENVI software.Mosaic_tmp_yyyyddd.hdfout.250m_16_days_ndvi_roi.tif, Where yyyy represents the year and DDD represents the day of DDD of the year.
JIN Xiaomei, HU Xiaonong
Soil bulk density, porosity, water content, water characteristic curve, saturated hydraulic conductivity, particle analysis, infiltration rate, and sampling point location information in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin. 1. The data is for 2014 supplementary sampling for 2012, using the ring knife to take the original soil; 2. The soil bulk density is the dry bulk density of the soil and is measured by the drying method. The original ring-shaped soil sample collected in the field was thermostated at 105 ° C for 24 hours in an oven, and the soil dry weight was divided by the soil volume (100 cubic centimeters) , unit: g/cm 3 . 3. Soil porosity is obtained according to the relationship between soil bulk density and soil porosity; 4. Soil infiltration analysis data set, the data is the field experimental measurement data from 2013 to 2014. 5. The infiltration data is measured by “MINI DISK PORTABLE TENSION INFILTROMETER”, and the approximate saturated hydraulic conductivity under a certain negative pressure is obtained. 6. Soil particle size data was measured at the Grain Granulation Laboratory of the Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Lanzhou University. The measuring instrument is a Malvern laser particle size analyzer MS2000. 7. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is measured according to the enamel hair self-made instrument of Yi Yanli (2009). The Marioot bottle was used to maintain the head during the experiment; at the same time, the Ks measured at the time was converted to the Ks value at 10 °C for analysis and calculation. 8. Soil water content data is measured using ECH2O, including 5 layers of soil water content and soil temperature. 9. The water characteristic curve is measured by the centrifuge method: the undisturbed soil of the ring cutter collected in the field is placed in a centrifuge, and each of the speeds is measured at 0, 310, 980, 1700, 2190, 2770, 3100, 5370, 6930, 8200, 11600. The secondary rotor weight is obtained.
HE Chansheng
The DEMs of the typical glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau were provided by the bistatic InSAR method. The data were collected on November 21, 2013. It covered Puruogangri and west Qilian Mountains with a spatial resolution of 10 meters, and an elevation accuracy of 0.8 m which met the requirements of national 1:10 000 topographic mapping. Considering the characteristics of the bistatic InSAR in terms of imaging geometry and phase unwrapping, based on the TanDEM-X bistatic InSAR data, and adopting the improved SAR interference processing method, the surface DEMs of the two typical glaciers above were generated with high resolution and precision. The data set was in GeoTIFF format, and each typical glacial DEM was stored in a folder. For details of the data, please refer to the Surface DEMs for typical glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau - Data Description.
JIANG Liming
The dataset contains all individual glacial storage (unit: km3) over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in 1970s and 2000s. It is sourced from the resultant data of the paper entitled "Consolidating the Randolph Glacier Inventory and the Glacier Inventory of China over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Investigating Glacier Changes Since the mid-20th Century". The first draft of this paper has been completed and is planned to be submitted to Earth System Science Data journal. The baseline glacier inventories in 1970s and 2000s are the Randolph Glacier Inventory 4.0 dataset, and the Glacier Inventory of China, respectively. Based on the individual glacial boundaries extracted from the above-mentioned two datasets, the grid-based bedrock elevation dataset (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html, DOI: 10.7289/v5c8276m), and the glacier surface elevation obtained by a slope-dependent method, the individual glacier volumes in 1970s and 2000s are then calculated. In addition, the calculated results of individual glacier volumes in this study have been compared and verified with the existent results of several glacier volumes, relevant remote sensing datasets, and the global glacier thickness dataset based on the average of multiple glacier model outputs (https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/315707, doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000315707), and the errors in the calculations have also been quantified. The established dataset in this study is expected to provide the data basis for the future regional water resources estimation and glacier ablation-involved researches. Moreover, the acquisition of the data also provides a new idea for the future glacier storage estimation.
HU Xiaofei, PAN Baotian
1) Data content (including elements and significance) This data set contains information of flow direction, accumulation of vector river network of Lancang Mekong River Basin. <br><br> 2) Data sources and processing methods In this data set, the remote sensing stream buring (RSSB) method (Wang et al., 2021) is adopted, and the high-precision elevation model MERIT-DEM and Sentinel-2 optical imagery are fused. <br><br> 3) Data quality description Validations show that this data set has high spatial accuracy (Wang et al, 2021). <br><br> 4) Data application achievements and Prospects This data set provides basic information of river networks, which can be used for hydrological model, land surface model, earth system model, as well as for mapping and spatial statistical analysis.
WANG Zifeng
1) Data content (including elements and significance) This data set contains information of flow direction, accumulation of vector river network of Lancang Mekong River Basin. <br><br> 2) Data sources and processing methods In this data set, the remote sensing stream buring (RSSB) method (Wang et al., 2021) is adopted, and the high-precision elevation model MERIT-DEM and Sentinel-2 optical imagery are fused. <br><br> 3) Data quality description Validations show that this data set has high spatial accuracy (Wang et al, 2021). <br><br> 4) Data application achievements and Prospects This data set provides basic information of river networks, which can be used for hydrological model, land surface model, earth system model, as well as for mapping and spatial statistical analysis.
WANG Zifeng
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