Using the Modis1B data of 11 scenes from 2003 to 2013 (the ice shelf Modis1B data published on the NSIDC website), the surface velocity of the Antarctic Amery Ice Shelf was extracted by the subpixel cross-correlation method, the ice velocity was extracted by the COSI-Corr software, and then the time sequence of annual average velocities for nearly ten years was obtained. Due to the lack of field observations in the study area, the accuracy of the ice flow results was estimated by using the offset value of the stable region, and the ice flow error was approximately ±50 m/year. The ice velocity data date from 2003 to 2013, the temporal resolution is one year, and the data cover the Amery area with a spatial resolution of 500 m. A GeoTIFF file of velocity data is stored every year. For details regarding the data, please refer to the Amery Ice Flow Field - Data Description.
JIANG Liming
This data set includes daily, annual and multi-year surface mass balance data from Antarctic ice cap poles, ice (snow) cores / snow pits, automatic weather station altimeters and ground penetrating radar observations. The data come from published literature, data reports and international data sharing platform. After quality control, the most perfect data set of daily, annual and multi-year resolution of surface mass balance of Antarctic ice sheet has been formed. Its middle-aged resolution data span the past 1000 years. The data set is mainly used in glaciology, climatology, hydrology and other disciplines, especially in the quantitative analysis of the temporal and spatial changes of Antarctic surface mass balance, climate model validation, driving ice sheet model and snow granulation model, etc.
WANG Yetang
The original data of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice data set is generated by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) through remote sensing data. The data format is GeoTIFF format and image format. The spatial resolution of the data is 25km and the time resolution is day. The data content is the sea ice range and sea ice density of the north and south poles. In this study, NetCDF format products are generated by post-processing the extent and density of sea ice in the north and south poles. The product data includes the sea ice range and sea ice density data of the north and south poles from 1979 to 2019. The time resolution is day by day, the coverage range is the South Pole and the north pole, and the horizontal spatial resolution is 12.5km. The data value of 1 in the sea ice range matrix indicates that the grid is sea ice, and the sea ice density is expressed by 0-1000. The grid value divided by 10 is the sea ice density value of the grid.
YE Aizhong
The data of triode ice core mainly comes from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core). The original data is mainly in text format, which is provided by relevant units and researchers voluntarily. The data mainly includes the original observation data such as oxygen isotope, greenhouse gas concentration, ice core age, etc., as well as the historical temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and methane concentration produced by the researchers according to the observation data. The data are mainly divided into Antarctic, Arctic, Greenland and the third polar region. The database includes drilling address, time, derivative products, corresponding observation site data, references and other elements. Derivative products include product name, type, time and other elements. The space location is divided into the south pole, the north pole and the third pole, including Alaska, Canada, Russia, Greenland and other regions. After sorting and post-processing the collected data, the ice core database is established by using the access database management system of Microsoft office. According to the Antarctic, Arctic, Greenland and the third pole, it is divided into four sub databases. The first table in each database is readme, which contains information and references of each data table.
YE Aizhong
A high-resolution remote sensing image mosaic of the entire Antarctic was generated by synthesizing the 1073 images taken by American Landsat 7 during 1999 to 2003 and the medium-resolution MODIS image (taken in 2005) covering south of 82.5°southern latitude. Based on the mosaic, combined with the needs of Antarctic scientific research, Antarctica land cover was divided into six types using the combination method of computer automatic interpretation and artificial assistance. They were blue ice, fissures, bare rocks, water bodies, moraines and firns, and the areas and proportions of the above types were 225,207.29 square kilometers (1.651%), 7153.36 square kilometers (0.052%), 72,958.04 square kilometers (0.535%), 189.43 square kilometers (0.001%), 310.76 square kilometers (0.003%), and 13337392.66 square kilometers (97.758%), respectively. The map is a satellite image map of approximate true color synthesis, and the regions of various cover types are represented by different color blocks. The map mainly provides a reference for popular scientific research, geography education and science popularization.
HUI Fengming
The data set of prokaryotic microorganism distribution in the snow and ice of the Arctic Antarctic and the Tibetan Plateau provides the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence collected by the experimental group led by Yongqin Liu from the NCBI database during 2010 to 2018. The keywords for NCBI database search are Antarctic, Arctic Tibetan, and Glacier. The collected sequences were calculated using the DOTOUR software to obtain the similarities between sequences, the sequences with similarities above 97% were clustered into one OTU, and the OTU representative sequence was defined. The OTU representative sequence was compared with the RDP database by the "Classifier" software and was identified as level one when the reliability exceeded 80%. After acquiring the sequence, the GPS coordinates of the sample were obtained by reading the sample information in the sequence file. These data contain the sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments for each sequence, evolutionary classification, and sample GPS coordinates. Compared with sequences based on high-throughput sequencing, these data have a longer sequence and more accurate classification. It is significant for comparing the evolutionary information of three-pole microorganisms and understanding the evolution of psychrophilic microorganisms.
JI Mukan
From 1000 AD to the present, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere has increased significantly in the ice cores of the Antarctic and Arctic. These data came from the Tasmanian laboratory of Australia, where the high resolution data were obtained by using wet extraction of ice core samples, and the same measurement and calibration procedures were applied to all samples. The results are consistent with the results of internationally renowned ice core greenhouse gas laboratories such as the University of Bern, the University of Copenhagen and the University of Ohio. The physical meaning of each variable: First column: time; second column: methane concentration value
Du Zhiheng
The data sets include four sets of data obtained from the Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) sensors using passive microwave remote sensing inversion. SMMR was aboard the Nimbus-7 satellite, and its working period was from October 26, 1978 to July 8, 1987. Since July 1987, the data provided by the SSM/I and the SSMIS aboard the US Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite group have been used. The first three data sets contain sea ice concentration data, covering the Antarctic region with a spatial resolution of 25 km: (1) The data were obtained from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Version 1 by applying the NASA Team algorithm inversion. The temporal coverage is from November 1978 to February 2017, with a temporal resolution of one month. A bin file is stored every month. (2) The data source is the same as the first set. The temporal coverage is from 1978-10-26 to 2017-2-28. The temporal resolution is two days, and the spatial resolution is 25 km. A folder was stored every year, and a bin file was stored every other day. (3) The data were obtained from near-real-time DMSP SSMIS by applying the NASA Team algorithm inversion. The temporal coverage is from 2015-1-1 to 2018-2-3, and the temporal resolution is one day. A bin file is stored every day. Each file consists of a 300-byte file title (data time information, projection pattern, file name) and a 316*332 matrix. The fourth set of data is the sea ice coverage and sea ice area time series. The temporal coverage is from November 1978 to December 2017. This data set is a time series sequence of sea ice coverage and sea ice area in the Antarctic. The temporal resolution is one month, and an ASCII file is stored every month. Each file consists of a file title (time, data type), a 39*1 sea ice cover matrix and a 39*1 sea ice area matrix. For further details on the data, please visit the US Ice and Snow Data Center NSIDC website - Data Description http://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0051; http://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0081; http://nsidc.org/data/G02135
LI Shuanglin, LIU Na
The data product of ice flow velocity field of Rayner Glacier in East Antarctica in 1963 based on ARGON historical remote sensing images. Using two declassified satellite images taken in 1963 with an interval of two months, the early ice flow velocity field of the Reina Glacier in eastern Antarctica is estimated by hierarchical matching based on parallax decomposition. The accuracy of the estimated velocity map can reach 70 m/year. A method for estimating the surface velocity of cooperative glaciers based on the parallax decomposition of optical stereo images. First, the image to be matched generates the core image and the pyramid of the core image; Next, the ice flow area mask is used to divide the image into ice flow area and non ice flow area for matching respectively. In addition to the normal matching steps, the ice flow area also needs to perform parallax demarcation to distinguish the impact of ice flow movement on terrain parallax. Finally, through layer by layer matching, we can get the DTM and ice flow diagram of the object side at the bottom. This data is of great significance for reconstructing the early surface morphology and ice flow velocity of Rayner Glacier in East Antarctica.
LI Rongxing , QIAO Gang , YE Wenkai
Global solar radiation and diffuse horizontal solar radiation at Dome C (Antarctica) are measured by radiation sensors (pyranometers CM22, Kipp & Zonen Inc., The Netherlands), and water vapor pressure (hPa) at the ground are obtained from the IPEV/PNRA Project “Routine Meteorological Observation at Station Concordia”, http://www.climantartide.it. This dataset includes hourly solar radiation and its absorbing and scattering losses caused by the absorbing and scattering atmospheric substances (MJ m-2, 200-3600 nm), and the albedos at the top of the atmosphere and the surface. The above solar radiations are calculated by using an empirical model of global solar radiation (Bai, J.; Zong, X.; Lanconelli, C.; Lupi, A.; Driemel, A.; Vitale, V.; Li, K.; Song, T. 2022. Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Its Potential Effects at Dome C (Antarctica). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 3084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053084). The observed global solar radiation and meteorological parameters are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935421. The data set can be used to study solar radiation and its attenuation at Dome C, Antarctica.
BAI Jianhui
The microbial reprocessing products of polar ice and snow in typical years collected the analysis results of bacteria sampled from glaciers, Glacial Snow and ice in the polar regions and the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 2010 to 2018. Through sorting, summarizing and summarizing, the post-processing data products of soil microorganisms in the three pole region are obtained, and the data format is excel, which is convenient for users to view. Among them, the prokaryotes of Glacial Snow and ice in the polar regions and Qinghai Tibet Plateau are the sequences of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene collected by teacher Liu Yongqin's experimental group from NCBI database from 2010 to 2018. The collected sequences calculate the similarity between sequences by using dotour software. Sequences with a similarity of more than 97% are clustered into an OTU, and OTU representative sequences are defined. OTU representative sequences were compared with RDP database through "Classifier" software, and were identified to the first level when the reliability was greater than >80%; The glaciers on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau were collected from 2010 to 2018, including the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence of seven glaciers on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (East Rongbu glacier on Mount Everest, Tianshan No. 1 glacier, Guliya glacier, Laohugou glacier, muzitang glacier, July 1st glacier and yuzhufeng glacier) isolated by teacher Liu Yongqin's experimental group, Malan glacier isolated by teacher Xiang Shurong and ruogangri glacier isolated by teacher Zhang Xinfang. Glacier samples were collected and brought back to the ecological Laboratory of the Institute of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Research in Beijing and the Lanzhou cryosphere National Laboratory. After coating the plate, it was cultured at different temperatures (4-25 ℃) for 20-90 days, and a single colony was picked for purification. The isolated bacteria extracted DNA, amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments with 27f/1492r primers, and sequenced with Sanger method. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence was compared with RDP database through "Classifier" software, and was identified to the first level when the reliability was greater than >80%.
YE Aizhong
Glaciers are very sensitive to regional and global climate change, so they are often regarded as one of the indicators of climate change, and their relevant parameters are also the key indicators of climate change research. Especially in the comparative study of the three polar environmental changes on the earth, the time and space difference ratio of glacial speed is one of the focuses of climate change research. However, because glaciers are basically located in high altitude, high latitude and high cold areas, the natural environment is poor, and people are rarely seen, and it is difficult to carry out the conventional field measurement of large-scale glacial movement. In order to understand the glacial movement in the three polar areas in a timely, efficient, comprehensive and accurate manner, radar interferometry, radar and optical image pixel tracking are used to obtain the three polar areas. The distribution of surface movement of some typical glaciers in some years from 2000 to 2017 provides basic data for the comparative analysis of the movement of the three polar glaciers. The dataset contains 12 grid files named "glacier movement in a certain period of time in a certain region". Each grid map mainly contains the regional velocity distribution of a typical glacier.
YAN Shiyong
Global solar radiation at Qomolangma station (The Tibetan Plateau) is measured by radiation sensor (pyranometers CM22, Kipp & Zonen Inc., The Netherlands), and water vapor pressure (hPa) at the ground is measured by HMP45C-GM (Vaisala Inc., Vantaa, Finland). This dataset includes hourly solar radiation and its absorbing and scattering losses caused by the absorbing and scattering atmospheric substances (MJ m-2, 200-3600 nm), and the albedos at the top of the atmosphere and the surface. The above solar radiations are calculated by using an empirical model of global solar radiation (Bai, J.; Zong, X.; Ma, Y.; Wang, B.; Zhao, C.; Yang, Y.; Guang, J.; Cong, Z.; Li, K.; Song, T. 2022. Long-Term Variations in Global Solar Radiation and Its Interaction with Atmospheric Substances at Qomolangma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 8906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158906). The observed global solar radiation and meteorological variables are available at https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/b9ab35b2-81fb-4330-925f-4d9860ac47c3/. The data set can be used to study solar radiation and its attenuation at Qomolangma region.
BAI Jianhui
The Antarctic ice sheet elevation data were generated from radar altimeter data (Envisat RA-2) and lidar data (ICESat/GLAS). To improve the accuracy of the ICESat/GLAS data, five different quality control indicators were used to process the GLAS data, filtering out 8.36% unqualified data. These five quality control indicators were used to eliminate satellite location error, atmospheric forward scattering, saturation and cloud effects. At the same time, dry and wet tropospheric, correction, solid tide and extreme tide corrections were performed on the Envisat RA-2 data. For the two different elevation data, an elevation relative correction method based on the geometric intersection of Envisat RA-2 and GLAS data spot footprints was proposed, which was used to analyze the point pairs of GLAS footprints and Envisat RA-2 data center points, establish the correlation between the height difference of these intersection points (GLAS-RA-2) and the roughness of the terrain relief, and perform the relative correction of the Envisat RA-2 data to the point pairs with stable correlation. By analyzing the altimetry density in different areas of the Antarctic ice sheet, the final DEM resolution was determined to be 1000 meters. Considering the differences between the Prydz Bay and the inland regions of the Antarctic, the Antarctic ice sheet was divided into 16 sections. The best interpolation model and parameters were determined by semivariogram analysis, and the Antarctic ice sheet elevation data with a resolution of 1000 meters were generated by the Kriging interpolation method. The new Antarctic DEM was verified by two kinds of airborne lidar data and GPS data measured by multiple Antarctic expeditions of China. The results showed that the differences between the new DEM and the measured data ranged from 3.21 to 27.84 meters, and the error distribution was closely related to the slope.
HUANG Huabin
Snow, ice, and glaciers have the highest albedo of any part of Earth's surface. The increase in melting of the polar ice sheet results in a rapid and sequential decrease in albedo and subsequently influences the global energy balance. The hydrological system derived from surface melt and basal meltwater will affect the dynamic stability of ice sheet and therefore mass balance. The dataset combined microwave radiometer product and optical albedo product, the daily, winter (June-August) averages and July averages of the former are used for layer-stacking, then Gram-Schmidt Spectral Sharpening was adapted to fuse the layer-stacking results with MODIS GLASS albedo product. The spatial resolution of fusion-results has been downscaled from 25 km to 0.05˚. By employing a threshold-based melt detection approach for each fusion-results pixel, Antarctic ice sheet surface melt daily product for 1985-1986, 2000-2001, 2015-2016 (DSSMIS) was generated. The spatial resolution of DSSMIS is higher than that of published data sets at home and abroad. Combined with the advantages of radiometer and albedo data, the spatial details characteristics are enhanced and consistent with the extraction range of the original radiometer products, effectively reducing the noise of the radiometer. It better reflects the melting gradient of mountainous area, groundline area and ice shelf over time, DSSMIS has a higher accuracy. DSSMIS’s data type is integer, where 1 is melted, 0 is not melted, 255 is masked area besides Antarctic ice sheet, and the data set is stored as *.nc.
WEI Siyi,
Based on ICESat r633 altimetry data from February 2004 to October 2008, the elevation changes of Lambert Glacier / Amery ice shelf system in Antarctica are obtained by using the repeated orbit plane fitting method. The GIA correction and projection area deformation correction are carried out with ij05 R2 model, and then 30km * 30km is obtained The surface elevation change rate of resolution is converted into material change by the grain snow density model, and compared with the Antarctic material change obtained by grace gravity satellite time-varying model.
XIE Huan, LI Rongxing
In order to better understand the mechanism of the interaction between the global climate and the Fimbu and Jelbart ice shelves, it is important to obtain the long-term ice velocity changes in this region. 1960-1980s Ice Flow Velocity Field Data Product Set of the Fimbul and Jelbart Ice Shelves, East Antarctica: Using the early Argon, Landsat MSS and TM satellite images, based on pre-processing the early remote sensing images to obtain the orthophoto images with precise geometric status, a layered matching method under the constraint strategy of artificial point feature point grid point was proposed, and the historical ice flow velocity field data product of the Fimbul Jelbart Ice Shelf, East Antarctica was extracted. This study is of great significance for studying the historical ice velocity of the Fimbul Jelbart Ice Shelf in East Antarctica from 1963 to 1987, and can provide basic data for studying the response of the ice sheet to global climate change.
LI Rongxing , FENG Tiantian , LI Yanjun , CHENG Yuan , QIAO Gang
Snow over sea ice controls the energy budgets, affects the sea ice growth/melting, and thus has essential climatic effects. Snow depth, one of the fundamental properties of snow cover, is essential for understanding of the rapid change in Antarctic climate and for sea ice thickness estimation. Passive microwave radiometer can be used for basin-scale snow depth estimation in daily scale, however, previous published methods applied for Antarctic snow depth shows clear underestimation, which limits their further application. Here, we construct a new and robust linear regression equation for snow depth retrieval using microwave radiometers by including lower frequencies, and we produce the snow depth product over Antarctic sea ice from 2002 to 2020 from AMSR-E, AMSR-2, SSMIS based on this method. A regression analysis using 7 years of Operation IceBridge (OIB) airborne snow depth measurements shows that the gradient ratio (GR) calculated using brightness temperatures in vertical polarized 37 and 19 GHz, i.e., GR(37/7), is the optimal one for deriving Antarctic snow depth with an root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 8.92 cm and a correlation coefficient of -0.64, the related equation coefficients are then derived. GR(37/19) is used to retrieve snow depth from SSMIS data to fill the observation gaps between AMSR-E and AMSR-2, and the estimated snow depth is corrected for the consistence with these from AMSR-E/2. An averaged uncertainty of 3.81 cm is found based on a Gaussian error propagation, which accounts for 12% of the estimated mean snow depth. The evaluation of proposed method with in-situ measurements from Australian Antarctic Data Centre shows that the proposed method outperforms the previous available method, with a mean difference of 5.64 cm and an RMSD of 13.79 cm, comparing to -14.47 cm and 19.49 cm. Comparison to shipborne observations from Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate indicates that the proposed method shows slight better performance than previous method (RMSDs of 16.85 cm and 17.61 cm, respectively); and comparable performances in growth and melting seasons suggests that the proposed method can still be used in the melting season. We generate a complete snow depth product over Antarctic sea ice from 2002 to 2020 in daily scale, and negative trends can be found in all sea sectors and seasons. This dataset can be further used in the reanalysis data evaluation, sea ice thickness estimation, climate model and other aspects.
SHEN Xiaoyi, KE Changqing
The Sentinel-1A/B satellite uses a near-polar sun-synchronous orbit with an orbital altitude of 693 km, an orbital inclination of 98.18°, and an orbital period of 99 minutes. It is equipped with a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with a designed service life of 7 years (12 years expected). Sentinel-l has a variety of imaging methods that enable different polarization modes such as single-polarization and dual-polarization. Sentinel-1A SAR has four working modes: Strip Map Mode (SM), Extra Wide Swath (EW), Interferometric Wide Swath (IW) and Wave Mode (WV). Satellite A was successfully launched in April 2014. The revisit period of the same region was 12 days. Satellite B successfully operated on orbit in April 2016. The current revisiting period reached 3 to 6 days. After the operation of two satellites, the S1 data acquisition frequency in the Antarctic region increased greatly. This data set comprises the Sentinel-1 SAR data for the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland Ice Sheet area. The data band comprises C-band extra wide multiview data with a resolution of 20 m*40 m. The temporal resolution is 12 days and is related to the round-trip period, the width is 400 km, the noise level is -25 dB, and the radiation measurement accuracy is 1.0 dB. The annual temporal coverage of these data is October to the next March in the Antarctic and April to September in Greenland, and the spatial coverage comprises the Antarctic ice sheet ice shelf area and Greenland ice sheet.
Lu Zhang
In recent years, the Antarctic Ice Sheet experiences substantial surface melt, and a large amount of meltwater formed on the ice surface. Observing the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of surface meltwater is a crucial task for understanding mass balance across the Antarctic Ice Sheet. This dataset provides a 30 m surface meltwater coverage, extracted from Landsat images, in the typical ablation zone of the ice sheet (Alexandria Island, Antarctic Peninsula) from 2000 to 2019. The projection of this dataset is South Polar Stereographic. The formats of the dataset are vector (.shp) and raster (.tif).
YANG Kang
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