Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) known as Asia's water tower plays a critical role in regional water and energy cycles, largely affecting water availability for downstream countries. Rain gauges are indispensable in precipitation measurement, but are quite limited in the TP that features complex terrain and the harsh environment. Satellite and reanalysis precipitation products can provide complementary information for ground-based measurements, particularly over large poorly gauged areas. Here we optimally merged gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data by determining weights of various data sources using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and environmental variables including elevation, surface pressure, and wind speed. A Multi-Source Precipitation (MSP) data set was generated at a daily timescale and a spatial resolution of 0.1° across the TP for the 1998‒2017 period. The correlation coefficient (CC) of daily precipitation between the MSP and gauge observations was highest (0.74) and the root mean squared error was the second lowest compared with four other satellite products, indicating the quality of the MSP and the effectiveness of the data merging approach. We further evaluated the hydrological utility of different precipitation products using a distributed hydrological model for the poorly gauged headwaters of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the TP. The MSP achieved the best Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (over 0.8) and CC (over 0.9) for daily streamflow simulations during 2004‒2014. In addition, the MSP performed best over the ungauged western TP based on multiple collocation evaluation. The merging method could be applicable to other data-scarce regions globally to provide high quality precipitation data for hydrological research. The latitude and longitude of the left bottom corner across the TP, the number of rows and columns, and grid cells information are all included in each ASCII file.
HONG Zhongkun , LONG Di
The water resource supply resilience of countries along the “Belt and Road” reflects the level of water supply resilience of countries along the route. The higher the data value, the stronger the resilience of water supply in countries along the route. Preparation of data products for water supply resilience of countries along the “Belt and Road”, using the annual precipitation, surface runoff and underground net data produced by FLDAS (Famine Early Warning System Network Land Data Assimilation System) based on the Noah land surface model from 2000 to 2019 The flow simulation data set, on the basis of considering the year-to-year changes, based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis, and through comprehensive diagnosis, prepared and generated water resource supply resilience products. The data set of water supply resilience of countries along the “Belt and Road” has important reference significance for analyzing and comparing the current status of water resources supply resilience in various countries.
XU Xinliang
The CO2 emission reduction resilience of the countries along the "Belt and Road" reflects the level of CO2 emission reduction resilience of the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the CO2 emission reduction resilience of the countries along the Belt and Road. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) was used to prepare data on the total CO2 emissions of the countries along the "Belt and Road" from 2000 to 2020, taking into account the year-on-year changes. Based on the sensitivity and adaptation analysis, a comprehensive diagnosis was made based on the annual data of the total CO2 emissions of the countries along the "Belt and Road" from 2000 to 2020, and a resilience product for CO2 emission reduction was prepared. "The data set of CO2 emission reduction resilience of countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for the analysis and comparison of the current CO2 emission reduction resilience of countries.
XU Xinliang
The resilience of health care development in countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of health care development in the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the resilience of health care development in the countries along the Belt and Road. The World Bank statistical database was used for the preparation of the health resilience data. Based on the year-on-year data of these four indicators, and taking into account the year-on-year changes of each indicator, the product of resilience in the development of healthcare conditions was prepared through comprehensive diagnosis based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis. "The Resilience in Health Care Development dataset for countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current resilience in health care development in each country.
XU Xinliang
The development resilience of social employment in the countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of social employment in the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the development resilience of social employment in the countries along the Belt and Road. The data product of social employment development resilience is prepared by referring to the World Bank statistical database, using the year-by-year data of the ratio of total unemployment to total labour force in the countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019, and based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis by considering the year-by-year changes of each indicator. A comprehensive diagnostic was carried out to generate a resilience product for the development of social employment. "The data set on the resilience of social employment development in the countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the resilience of the current population growth in each country.
XU Xinliang
The resilience of population growth in countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of population growth in the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the resilience of population growth in the countries along the Belt and Road. The World Bank's statistical database was used to prepare the Resilience to Population Growth data product, which uses year-on-year data on the population of countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019. The Resilience to Population Growth product is based on sensitivity and adaptation analysis. Please refer to the documentation for the methodology of preparing the dataset. "The resilience dataset is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current resilience of population growth in countries along the Belt and Road.
XU Xinliang
The resilience of the population age structure of countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of the population age structure of the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the resilience of the population age structure of the countries along the Belt and Road. The World Bank's statistical database was used to prepare the data on the resilience of population age structure, and the data on the proportion of children, the proportion of working-age population and the proportion of elderly population in the countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019 were used year by year. Based on the sensitivity and adaptability analysis, a comprehensive diagnosis was carried out to produce a resilience product for the age structure of the population. Please refer to the documentation for the methodology of preparing the data set. "The data set is an important reference for analysing and comparing the resilience of population age structures in countries along the Belt and Road.
XU Xinliang
The resilience of population urbanisation development in countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of population urbanisation development in the countries along the Belt and Road, with higher values indicating stronger resilience of population urbanisation development in the countries along the Belt and Road. The data on the resilience of population urbanisation development are prepared with reference to the World Bank's statistical database, using year-on-year data on two indicators, namely the number of urban population and the number of population in urban agglomerations with a population of over one million, from 2000 to 2019, and based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis, taking into account the year-on-year changes of each indicator. Based on the sensitivity and adaptability analysis, the product of the resilience of population urbanisation development was prepared through comprehensive diagnosis. "The data set on the resilience of population urbanisation development in the countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the resilience of population urbanisation development in various countries.
XU Xinliang
The resilience of education in Belt and Road countries reflects the level of resilience of education in the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value, the stronger the resilience of education in the countries along the Belt and Road. The data on the resilience of educational conditions are prepared by referring to the World Bank's statistical database, using year-on-year data on four indicators - literacy rate, education expenditure, secondary school enrolment rate and tertiary enrolment rate - for countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019, and taking into account the year-on-year changes in each indicator. Based on the sensitivity and adaptability analysis, a comprehensive diagnosis was carried out to generate a resilience product for the development of education conditions. "The data set on the resilience of educational conditions in countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current resilience of educational conditions in each country.
XU Xinliang
The resilience of road traffic development in countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of road traffic development in the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the resilience of road traffic development in the countries along the Belt and Road. The road traffic development resilience data product is prepared by referring to the World Bank statistical database, using the year-by-year data of four indicators, namely road mileage, railway mileage, air traffic and container terminal throughput of the countries along the "Belt and Road" from 2000 to 2019, and based on the year-by-year changes of each indicator, based on sensitivity Based on the sensitivity and adaptability analysis, the road traffic development resilience product is prepared through comprehensive diagnosis. The data set of road traffic development resilience of countries along the "Belt and Road" is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current road traffic development resilience of countries.
XU Xinliang
The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Human Development Report 1990 to measure the level of economic and social development of the United Nations member countries. The HDI is a composite indicator based on three basic variables: life expectancy, educational attainment and quality of life, and is calculated according to a certain methodology. "The One Belt One Road (OBOR) human development resilience dataset is a comprehensive indicator of human development resilience in each country. "The human development resilience dataset for countries along the Belt and Road is a comprehensive diagnosis based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis using year-by-year data of the Human Development Index for countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2020. The Human Development Resilience Indicator (HDRI) data was prepared based on sensitivity and adaptation analysis. Please refer to the documentation for the methodology of preparing the dataset. "The Human Development Resilience Dataset for countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current state of human development resilience in each country.
XU Xinliang
The GDP per capita growth resilience dataset for countries along the Belt and Road is a comprehensive reflection of the level of GDP per capita growth resilience of each country. The GDP per capita growth resilience dataset was prepared with reference to the World Bank's statistical database, using year-on-year data on GDP per capita (constant 2010 US dollars) for countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019, and based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis, taking into account the year-on-year changes of each indicator. Through a comprehensive diagnostic, a product on GDP per capita growth resilience was prepared. "The GDP per capita growth resilience dataset for countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current GDP per capita growth resilience of each country.
XU Xinliang
Macroeconomics refers to the entire national economy or the national economy as a whole, as well as its economic activities and operational status. "The data set of macroeconomic development resilience of countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of macroeconomic development resilience of the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the data value, the stronger the macroeconomic development resilience of the countries along the Belt and Road. The macroeconomic development resilience dataset is prepared with reference to the World Bank's statistical database, using year-on-year changes in four indicators: GDP per capita, gross fixed capital formation as a percentage of GDP, inflation as measured by the GDP deflator, and total savings as a percentage of GDP for countries along the "Belt and Road" from 2000 to 2019. The macroeconomic development resilience product was prepared through a comprehensive diagnosis based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis, taking into account the year-on-year changes of each indicator. "The resilience dataset of macroeconomic development of countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the resilience of macroeconomic development of various countries.
XU Xinliang
"The resilience of the domestic economic systems of the countries along the Belt and Road reflects the level of resilience of the domestic economic systems of each country, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the resilience of the domestic economic systems of the countries along the Belt and Road. The resilience of domestic economic systems includes macroeconomic development resilience, industrial and service sector development resilience, and the data products are prepared with reference to the World Bank statistical database, using GDP per capita, gross fixed capital formation as a percentage of GDP, inflation as measured by GDP deflator, and gross savings as measured by GDP deflator for countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019. The resilience products of the domestic economic system are prepared through a comprehensive diagnosis based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis, taking into account the year-on-year changes of each indicator, using year-on-year data of six indicators: GDP per capita, gross fixed capital formation as a percentage of GDP, gross savings as a percentage of GDP, industrial value added as a percentage of GDP, and service value added as a percentage of GDP. "The resilience dataset of the domestic economic systems of the countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the resilience of the domestic economic systems of various countries.
XU Xinliang
"The resilience dataset reflects the level of resilience of industrial and service development in the countries along the Belt and Road, and the higher the value, the stronger the resilience of industrial and service development in the countries along the Belt and Road. The resilience of industrial and service sector development data products are prepared with reference to the World Bank's statistical database, using the year-on-year changes of two indicators, namely the value added of industry as a percentage of GDP and the value added of service sector as a percentage of GDP, for countries along the Belt and Road from 2000 to 2019, and on the basis of considering the year-on-year changes of each indicator. Based on the sensitivity and adaptability analysis, a comprehensive diagnostic was prepared to generate products on the resilience of industrial and service sector development. "The resilience dataset of industrial and service sector development in countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current resilience of industrial and service sector development in each country.
XU Xinliang
"The Belt and Road countries' external trade system resilience dataset comprehensively reflects the level of resilience of each country's external trade system, and the higher the value of the data, the stronger the resilience of the external trade system of the countries along the Belt and Road. The World Bank's statistical database was used for the preparation of the external trade system resilience data, and the annual data of three indicators, namely the ratio of trade volume to gross national product (GDP), the annual growth rate of exports of goods and services, and the annual growth rate of imports of goods and services of countries along the Belt and Road, were used from 2000 to 2019. On the basis of the year-on-year changes in each indicator, a comprehensive diagnosis based on sensitivity and adaptability analysis was carried out to generate a resilience product for the foreign trade system. Please refer to the documentation for the methodology of preparing the data set. "The resilience dataset of the foreign trade system of countries along the Belt and Road is an important reference for analysing and comparing the current resilience of the foreign trade system of each country.
XU Xinliang
Ta (Near-surface air temperature) is an important physical parameter that reflects climate change. In order to obtain daily Ta data (Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg) with high spatial and temporal resolution in China, we fully analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various existing data (reanalysis, remote sensing, and in situ data) ，Different Ta reconstruction models are constructed for different weather conditions, and we further improve data accuracy through building correction equations for different regions. Finally, a dataset of daily temperature (Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg) in China from 1979 to 2018 was obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.1° For Tmax, validation using in situ data shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) ranges from 0.86 °C to 1.78 °C, the mean absolute error (MAE) varies from 0.63 °C to 1.40 °C, and the Pearson coefficient (R2) ranges from 0.96 to 0.99. For Tmin, RMSE ranges from 0.78 °C to 2.09 °C, the MAE varies from 0.58 °C to 1.61 °C, and the R2 ranges from 0.95 to 0.99. For Tavg, RMSE ranges from 0.35 °C to 1.00 °C, the MAE varies from 0.27 °C to 0.68 °C, and the R2 ranges from 0.99 to 1.00. Furthermore, a variety of evaluation indicators were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation trends of Ta, and the Tavg increase was more than 0.0 °C/a, which is consistent with the general global warming trend. In conclusion, this dataset had a high spatial resolution and reliable accuracy, which makes up for the previous missing temperature value (Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg) at high spatial resolution. This dataset also provides key parameters for the study of climate change, especially high-temperature drought and low-temperature chilling damage。
FANG Shu, MAO Kebiao
Freezing (thawing) index refers to the sum of all temperatures less than (greater than) 0 ℃ in a year. Surface freezing (thawing) index is an important parameter to measure the time and capacity of surface freezing (thawing), which can reflect the characteristics of regional freezing and thawing environment. Based on the modis-lst data product, which comes from the national Qinghai Tibet Plateau science data center, the data in the Sanjiang River Basin are read by MATLAB language, and combined with the calculation of freezing (thawing index) formula, the spatial distribution data set of surface freezing and thawing index of dynamic environmental factors outside the Sanjiang River basin (average from 2003 to 2015) is obtained. This data set can better reflect the ability of surface freezing and thawing in the Sanjiang River Basin, so as to reflect the characteristics of regional freezing and thawing environment, It provides important external dynamic environmental factors for the development of freeze-thaw landslide.
LIU Minghao
Aiming at the 179000 km2 area of the pan three rivers parallel flow area of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, InSAR deformation observation is carried out through three kinds of SAR data: sentinel-1 lifting orbit and palsar-1 lifting orbit. According to the obtained InSAR deformation image, it is comprehensively interpreted in combination with geomorphic and optical image features. A total of 949 active landslides below 4000m above sea level were identified. It should be noted that due to the difference of observation angle, sensitivity and observation phase of different SAR data, there are some differences in the interpretation of the same landslide with different data. The scope and boundary of the landslide need to be corrected with the help of ground and optical images. The concept of landslide InSAR recognition scale is different from the traditional spatial resolution and mainly depends on the deformation intensity. Therefore, some landslides with small scale but prominent deformation characteristics and strong integrity compared with the background can also be interpreted (with SAR intensity map, topographic shadow map and optical remote sensing image as ground object reference). The minimum interpretation area can reach several pixels. For example, a highway slope landslide with only 4 pixels is interpreted with reference to the highway along the Nujiang River.
YAO Xin
This data is a high-resolution soil freeze/thaw (F/T) dataset in the Qinghai Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) produced by fusing sentinel-1 SAR data, AMSR-2 microwave radiometer data, and MODIS LST products. Based on the newly proposed algorithm, this product provides the detection results of soil F/T state with a spatial resolution of 100 m on a monthly scale. Both meteorological stations and soil temperature stations were used for results evaluation. Based on the ground surface temperature data of four meteorological stations provided by the national meteorological network, the overall accuracy of soil F/T detection products achieved 84.63% and 77.09% for ascending and descending orbits, respectively. Based on the in-situ measured 5 cm soil temperature data near Naqu, the average overall accuracy of ascending and descending orbits are 78.58% and 76.66%. This high spatial resolution F/T product makes up traditional coarse resolution soil F/T products and provides the possibility of high-resolution soil F/T monitoring in the QTEC.
ZHOU Xin , LIU Xiuguo , ZHOU Junxiong , ZHANG Zhengjia , CHEN Qihao , XIE Qinghua
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