1) Data content: Paleomagnetic data can establish paleomagnetic time frame, magnetic and geochemical indicators can restore the climate change in geological history, and heavy mineral analysis can be used to trace provenance. 2) Data sources and processing methods Data sources are experimental data. Magnetic data: The samples collected in the field were ground into fine particles in a 2x2x2 non-magnetic plastic box with a mortar, and tested with a Kapobridge magnetometer, pulse magnetometer and rotary magnetometer. Carbon isotope data: The samples were dried at 40℃, then studied to less than 200 mesh, and reacted with 100% phosphoric acid to release CO2 gas in a gas source isophase mass spectrometer. Grain size data: Analysis of decomposed samples using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. Prior to analysis, organic matter was removed with hot hydrogen peroxide and then carbonate was removed with hydrochloric acid in accordance with standard Procedures of Lanzhou University. 3) Data quality Sample collection and experimental processing were carried out in accordance with strict standards, and the data obtained were of reliable quality. 4) Data application achievements and prospects One SCI paper was published using the data, which was Ni.
NIE Junsheng
The Wuyu Basin is bounded by the Gangdese Mountains to the north and the Yarlung Tsangpo River to the south, and is a representative basin to study the Cenozoic tectonism of the southern Tibet. The sedimentary strata in the Wuyu Basin include the Paleocene-Eocene Linzizong Group volcanics and the Oligocene Rigongla Formation (Fm.) volcanics, the Miocene lacustrine sediments of the Mangxiang Fm. and Laiqing Fm. volcanics, the late Miocene-Pliocene Wuyu Fm., and the Pleistocene Dazi Fm. Five sandstone samples from the Mangxiang Fm., Wuyu Fm. and Dazi Fm. and one modern Wuyu reiver sand sample were collected for detrital zircon U-Pb dating using the LA-ICP-MS method. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages in the Mangxiang Fm. show a large cluster at 45-80 Ma; those in the Wuyu Fm. show a large cluster at 8-15 Ma and a subsidiary cluster at 45-70 Ma; those in the Dazi Fm. show three large clusters at 45-65 Ma, 105-150 Ma and 167-238 Ma; and those in modern Wuyu river show a large cluster at 8-15 Ma and a subsidiary cluster at 45-65 Ma (Figure 1). Late Cretaceous-early Eocene zircons in all samples are consistent with the most prominent stage of magmatism of the Gangdese Mountains; the 8-15 Ma zircons in the Wuyu Fm. and modern Wuyu river are consistent with the magmatism of the Laiqing Fm.; and the Triassic-Jurassic zircons in the Dazi Fm. are consistent with the magmatism of the central Lhasa terrane. The results of detrital zircon U-Pb ages and sedimentary facies analyses in the Wuyu Basin indicate that the southern Tibetan Plateau suffered multi-stage tectonism-magmatism since the India-Asia collision: (1) Paleogene Linzizong Group-Rigongla Fm. volcanics; (2) tectonism-magmatism at ~15 Ma ended the lacustrine sediments of the Mangxiang Fm. and resulted in volcanism of the Laiqing Fm.; (3) tectonism at ~8 Ma resulted in the volcanic rocks of the Laiqing Fm. becoming one of the main provenances for the overlying Wuyu Fm.; (4) the Wuyu Basin formed braided river and received sediments from the central Lhasa terrane to its north at ~2.5 Ma. The geomorphic pattern of the southern Tibet has gradually formed since the Quaternary.
MENG Qingquan MENG Qingquan
This dataset includes contents, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonates in the Qom section, Central Iran. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from carbonates are important climatic proxies in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The sediment samples were grounded and sieved through a 100 mesh screen, and then directly analyzed using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (MAT-252) with an automated carbonate preparation device (Kiel Ⅱ). C, O isotope ratios are converted to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) standards. Typical analytical errors for C, O isotope are within ±0.1‰ (±0.06‰ and ±0.08‰ for carbon isotope and oxygen isotope, respectively). The carbonate content was measured by neutralization titration with an accuracy of 0.5%. The ages of the data were obtained by linear interpolation based on magnetostratigraphy. Based on the carbonate concentrations and the stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Qom Basin the Miocene paleoenvironmental evolution history can be well reconstructed, being useful for discussing the environmental effects of the uplift of the Arabia-Eurasia collision and the global climatic changes. This study aims to analyze the history of climate change in central Iran since the mid-late Miocene, and finally reveals the intensification of aridity in central Iran since 13 Ma.
SUN Jimin
This dataset includes contents, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonates in the Aksu section, Tajik Basin. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from carbonates are important climatic proxies in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The samples are sampled from fine-grained sediments (siltstone, clay) in the late Eocene-early Oligocene continental strata of the Aksu section in the central Tajik Basin. The sediment samples were grounded and sieved through a 100 mesh screen, and then directly analyzed using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (MAT-252) with an automated carbonate preparation device (Kiel Ⅱ). C, O isotope ratios are converted to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) standards. Typical analytical errors for C, O isotope are within ±0.1‰ (±0.06‰ and ±0.08‰ for carbon isotope and oxygen isotope, respectively). The carbonate content was measured by neutralization titration with an accuracy of 0.5%. The ages of the data were obtained by linear interpolation based on magnetostratigraphy. Based on the carbonate concentrations and the stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Tajik Basin, the paleoenvironmental evolution history during the late Eocene and early Oligocene can be well reconstructed, being useful for discussing the environmental effects of the uplift of the Indo-Eurasia collision and the global climatic changes.
SUN Jimin
The Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model was developed by Sugita (2007) to correct for bias due to inter-taxonomic differences in pollen productivity and dispersion and estimate plant cover at a regional spatial scale based on pollen records. We provide the dataset of pollen-based REVEALS reconstruction for temperate and northern sub-tropical China over the Holocene. The REVEALS reconstruction was achieved using 94 selected pollen records from lakes and bogs at a 1˚x1˚ spatial scale and a temporal resolution of 500 years between 11.7 and 0.7 ka BP, and three recent time windows (0.7˗0.35 ka BP, 0.35˗0.1 ka BP, and 0.1 ka BP˗present). The dataset of pollen-based REVEALS reconstruction of Holocene plant cover for the study region includes the REVEALS proportions of plant cover (and related SEs) for 75 1˚x 1˚grid cells and 25 time windows for each grid cell for 27 taxa, two alternatives of aggregation of plant taxa to PFTs: ten PFTs and six PFTs, and three land-cover types. The metadata files providing details on the sites used in the REVEALS reconstruction for each grid cell and each time window. For instance, the original site names, modern vegetation zones, geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude in decimal degrees), elevation in meters above sea level, site types (bog or lake), basin sizes (radius and area), number of 14C radiocarbon dates or other types of dates, approximate temporal extent of the site. The dataset is suitable for palaeoclimate modeling, can be applied also in evaluating simulations of past vegetation from dynamic vegetation models and anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) scenarios.
LI Furong
Recent paleobotanical investigations in Vietnam provide a good opportunity to improve our understanding of the biodiversity and paleoclimatic conditions in the geological past of Southeast Asia. Palms (Arecaceae) are a diverse family of typical thermophilous plants with a relatively low tolerance for freezing. In this study, we describe well-preserved fossil palm leaves from the Oligocene Dong Ho Formation of Hoanh Bo Basin, northern Vietnam. Characters of the fossil leaves, such as a fan-shaped costapalmate lamina, an unarmed petiole, a costa slightly enlarged at the base that then tapers distally into the blade, and well-preserved amphistomatic leaves with cuticles, suggest that they represent a new fossil species, which we herein designate Sabalites colaniae A. Song, T. Su, T. V. Do et Z.K. Zhou sp. nov. Together with other paleontological and palaeoclimatic evidence, we conclude that a warm climate prevailed in northern Vietnam and nearby areas during the Oligocene.
SU Tao
The West Kunlun region forms the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and sedimentation in this region contributed to plateau formation and its northwards expansion, as well as the development of central Asian aridification. However, the stratigraphic dating framework in this region has been ambiguous, hampering the understanding of both tectonic and environmental evolution. Here, palynological analysis was performed on the Xialafudie Formation in the West Kunlun region. Together with the palynological assemblage and megafossils found in the study section, as well as regional stratigraphic comparison, we conclude that the Xialafudie Formation was deposited during the Pliocene, and not Early Cretaceous as previously reported. The palynological assemblage of the section is mainly composed of drought-tolerant herbs and shrubs, and the percentage of conifers and broadleaved trees is very low, indicating that a dry and cold environment prevailed in the West Kunlun region during the Pliocene. Comprehensively analysed palynological data from the Tarim Basin and its surroundings show that aridification intensified in this part of central Asia during the Pliocene, as a result of long-term global cooling and regional tectonism.
SU Tao
The growth of the Tibetan Plateau throughout the past 66 million years has profoundly affected the Asian climate, but how this unparalleled orogenesis might have driven vegetation and plant diversity changes in eastern Asia is poorly understood. We approach this question by integrating modeling results and fossil data. We show that growth of north and northeastern Tibet affects vegetation and, crucially, plant diversity in eastern Asia by altering the monsoon system. This northern Tibetan orographic change induces a precipitation increase, especially in the dry (winter) season, resulting in a transition from deciduous broadleaf vegetation to evergreen broadleaf vegetation and plant diversity increases across southeastern Asia. Further quantifying the complexity of Tibetan orographic change is critical for understanding the finer details of Asian vegetation and plant diversity evolution. *: Corresponding author
SU Tao
The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) played a crucial role in shaping the biodiversity in Asia during the Cenozoic. However, fossil records attributed to insects are still scarce from the QTP, which limits our understanding on the evolution of biodiversity in this large region. Fulgoridae (lanternfly) is a group of large planthopper in body size, which is found primarily in tropical regions. The majority of the Fulgoridae bear brilliant colors and elongated heads. The fossil records of Fulgoridae span from the Eocene to Miocene in the Northern Hemisphere, and only a few fossil species from Neogene deposits have been reported in Asia so far. Here, we report a new fossil record of Fulgoridae from the middle Eocene Lunpola Basin, central QTP. The specimen is in lateral compression, with complete abdomen, thorax, and part of the wings preserved, while most of the head is missing. It belongs to the “lower Fulgoroidea” judging by several strong lateral spines on the hind tibia and a row of teeth at the apex of the second metatarsomere. This fossil specimen is assigned to Fulgoridae by comparison with nine families of the “lower Fulgoroidea”. The specimen represents the earliest Fulgoridae fossil record in Asia and was considered a new morphotaxon based on the peculiar legs and wings. Based on the modern distribution of fulgorid and other paleontological evidence, we suggest a warm climate with relatively low elevation during the middle Eocene in the central QTP. Therefore, this new fossil record not only provides important information on insect diversity in the middle Eocene, but also gives new evidence on the paleoenvironment in the core area of the QTP from the perspective of an insect.
SU Tao
This paper describes a plant megafossil assemblage from the Pliocene strata of Xiangzi, Zanda Basin in the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Twenty-one species belonging to 12 genera and 10 families were identified. Studies show that the Pliocene vegetation in Zanda Basin was mostly deciduous shrub composed of Cotoneaster, Spiraea, Caragana, Hippophae, Rhododendron, Potentilla fruticosa, etc. Leaf sizes of these taxa were generally small. Paleoclimate reconstruction using Coexistence Analysis and CLAMP showed that this area had higher temperature and precipitation in the Pliocene than today, and distinct seasonal precipitation variability was established. The reconstructed paleoelevation of Zanda Basin in the Pliocene was similar to modern times. In the context of central Asian aridification, the gradual drought in the area beginning in the late Cenozoic caused vegetation to transition from shrub to desert, and the flora composition also changed.
SU Tao
Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forests, mainly made up of sclerophyllous oak, Quercus section Heterobalanus (Øerst.) Menitsky, Fagaceae, represent the most typical forest type in the Hengduan Mountains. Their distribution pattern is closely related to the growth and formation of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The oldest fossil record of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus so far discovered is from the middle Miocene of the Gazhacun Formation in Namling County, southern Tibet. However, our recent discovery of leaf fossils from the upper Eocene of Lawula Formation in Markam Basin, southeastern Tibet, illustrates that their origin is nearly 20 Myr older than previously assumed. By integrating the results from geometric morphometrics, geographical range expansion, and ecological niche shifts of this section in what is now the QTP and the Hengduan Mountains, we infer that the leaves of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus were already adapted to cool and dry conditions in some local regions no later than in the late Eocene. Then, with the growth of the QTP and late Cenozoic global cooling, the expansion of cooler and drier habitats benefited the spread and development of this section and their leaves exhibited morphological stasis through stabilizing selection. Based on published fossil records and recent discoveries, we argue that Quercus sect. Heterobalanus appeared in the subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests of the southeastern margin of what is now the QTP no later than in the late Eocene. Some taxa spread westwards along the Gangdese Mountains and later the Himalaya, and others spread eastwards and southeastwards, gradually becoming a dominant group of species in the Hengduan Mountains. This dispersal route is contrary to the previous “northwards hypothesis” of this section, and further supports the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for Quercus section Ilex Loudon.
SU Tao
This data including the GDGTs data and fatty acid data records of Xiada Co in the west of Qinghai Tibet Plateau during the past 2000 years. These data are obtained by the research team using organic geochemical methods. The Xiada Co sediment core was collected in the summer of 2014. The water depth of the sampling point (33.392°N、79.363°E，4373m) is about 19m. The extraction of biomarkers in lake sediments was carried out by ultrasonic extraction. The extraction and testing of compounds were carried out in the laboratory of environmental change and surface processes, Institute of Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The detection instrument of wax fatty acid compounds in sediments is gas chromatography flame ion detector (GC-FID, model: Agilent 7890a). The test instrument for GDGTs compounds is HPLC-APCI-MS (Agilent 1200 HPLC + 6100 MS), which is tested by three chromatographic columns in series. The model of chromatographic column is (hypersil gold silica, 100 mm) × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μ m). 5-methyl bgdgts isomer and 6-methyl bgdgts isomer were effectively separated by silica gel column in series. This data can provide the climatic and environmental background of human activities in the western plateau of the late Holocene, provide a basis for understanding the process and mechanism of climate change in the western Qinghai Tibet Plateau in the past 2000, and provide boundary conditions for climate simulation.
HOU Juzhi, LI Xiumei
In order to find out the climate and environmental changes since the last interglacial period in Central Asia, the earth ring Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, taking tree rings, lakes, stalagmites and loess as carriers, conducted in-depth research on their evolution from different aspects. The tree ring group collected tree ring samples and obtained the data of tree ring width in alagan, Yuli County, Xinjiang; The lake marsh formation collected lake marsh sediments in Kashgar basin and obtained 137cs-210pb, LOI δ 18O data; The stalagmites collected by the stalagmite formation in qiongguo cave, Qinghai Tibet Plateau have obtained carbon and oxygen isotopes, test age and element test data; The comprehensive group obtained the XRF and multi parameter data of peat in Longmucuo and dangyayongcuo lakes, the particle size of Longmucuo in Lop Nur, Xinjiang and Tibet, the magnetic susceptibility of peat in Kashgar and Longmucuo lakes, and the TOC data of Zhaosu; The Loess group obtained the OSL ages, MS and carbon epitope data of the Loess of xiaoerbu, Zhaosu and Qingshuihe in Xinjiang. It provides strong scientific data support for climate and environmental changes since the last interglacial period in Central Asia.
LI Qiang , LAN Jianghu , TAN Liangcheng , LIU Xingxing , SONG Yougui
The data includes natural remanence, thermal demagnetization and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of paleomagnetic samples in altash section in Southwest Tarim. The data is mainly used for magnetic stratigraphy in altash section. Combined with the results of isotopic dating, the chronological framework of altash section is established according to the records of geomagnetic polarity reversal in rocks or sediments and the comparison with standard polarity columns. From 2020 to 2021, members of the research group mainly used drilling rigs to drill paleomagnetic directional samples on the profile at an interval of 1 m (back to the laboratory to be processed into a 2 cm cylinder), and collected directional hand samples in individual areas (back to the laboratory to be processed into a 2 cm * 2 cm * 2 cm cube). The paleomagnetic experimental testing instrument includes two parts: 1 Rock superconducting magnetometer is used to measure the remanence and rock magnetic parameters of paleomagnetic samples; 2. Mfk kappa bridge is used to measure the magnetic susceptibility and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of geological samples. A total of 298 samples were selected at an interval of 10 m, of which 221 obtained stable remanence, with a success rate of 74%. According to the preliminary paleomagnetic results, the chronological framework of altash section in Southwest Tarim is established; After all the paleomagnetic results are tested, combined with the accurate isotopic age, the high-precision magnetic stratigraphic sequence in Southwest Tarim will be established.
ZHENG Hongbo
This data is the relevant data of biogeochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of Qaidam Basin. This set of data is mainly based on the research means of paleontology, sedimentary strata and biogeochemistry of typical sections to explore the sedimentary, climatic and biological response of Qaidam basin to the uplift of Qinghai Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic. The data of paleontological isotope and oxygen isotope of the Dachaigou basin are the main biomarkers for the study of Paleontology in the Dachaigou basin. The preliminary research processing results show that the data quality is high
YUAN Feng
The fluctuation of a single lake level is a comprehensive reflection of water balance within the basin, while the regional consistent fluctuations of lake level can indicate the change of regional effective moisture. Previous researches were mainly focused on reconstructing effective moisture by multiproxy analyses of lake sediments, but lacked the quantitative studies on regional effective moisture variation. This dataset exhibits the Holocene effective moisture change in typical lake regions of the Tibetan Plateau and East and Central Asia, including Qinghai Lake, Chen Co, Bangong Co, etc., by constructing a virtual lake system, based on a lake energy balance model, a lake water balance model and a transient climate evolution model. The simulation results provide a new perspective for exploring the evolution of lakes on the millennial scale.
LI Yu
This dataset is the biome change data of the Tibetan Plateau since the last glacial maximum which was reconstructed by using a new method. Firstly, a random forest algorithm was applied to establish a pollen-biome classification model for reconstructing past vegetation changes of the Tibetan Plateau, and 1802 modern pollen assemblages from 17 vegetation zones in and around the Tibetan Plateau were used as the training set for the model development. The random forest model showed a reliable performance (accuracy > 76%) in predicting modern biomes from modern pollen assemblages based on a comparison with the observed biomes. Moreover, the random forest model had a significantly higher accuracy than the traditional biomization method. Then, the newly established random forest model is applied to the paleovegetation reconstruction of 51 fossil pollen sequences of the Tibetan Plateau. New age-depth models were developed for these fossil pollen records using the Bayesian method, and all fossil pollen records were linearly interpolated to 500-year time slices. Finally, the spatiotemporal changes of biomes on the Tibetan plateau over the past 22,000 years at an interval of 500 years were reconstructed by using the random forest model. This dataset can provide evidence for understanding the past variation of alpine vegetation and its mechanism; provide the basis for studying the impact of past climate change on vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau; and provide boundary conditions for climate simulation.
QIN Feng , ZHAO Yan, CAO Xianyong
The Cenozoic terrestrial chemical weathering records from the surrounding areas of the Tibetan Plateau are of great significance for understanding the relationship between Tibetan Plateau uplift, chemical weathering and global cooling. In this study, detailed mineralogical and geochemical analysis were performed on the early Cenozoic sediments from the Hongliugou section (54-26 Ma) in the Qaidam Basin, the Xiejia section in the Xining Basin (52-26 Ma) and the Caijiachong section in the Qujing Basin (46.6-36 Ma). Then a comprehensive chemical weathering history of the Early Cenozoic (54-26 Ma) in the northeastern and southeastern Tibetan Plateau was established. Specially, clay minerals of 315 samples from the Hongliugou section, 131 samples from the Xiejia section and 230 samples from the Caijiachong section were analyzed using Bruker D8+ X-ray diffraction analyzer. Major and trace elements of 310 samples from the Hongliugou section, 120 samples from Xiejia section and 201 samples from the Caijiachong section were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Leeman Labs Prodigy-H) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; X-7; Thermo-Elemental, USA), respectively. While the hematite content of 835 samples from the Hongliugou section were determined using a Purkinje General TU1901 UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The regional chemical weathering intensity as suggested by clay mineral assemblage (i.e. (illite/smectite mixed layers + smectite)/illite), elemental geochemical indices (e.g., CIA) and hematite content shows a long-term decreasing trend in 54-26Ma, resembling the contemporary benthic oxygen isotopes variations, thus indicating that global temperature is the main controlling factor regulating the reginal chemical weathering in the early Cenozoic.
FANG Xiaomin , FANG Xiaomin, HAN Wenxia HAN Wenxia
Dating data of debris flow and dammed lake sediments in complex mountainous areas from 2019 to 2021. The data collection sites are complex mountainous areas prone to debris flow in the eastern and southern edges of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The experimental analysis is mainly completed in the salt lake chemical analysis and testing center of Qinghai Salt Lake Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the analysis and testing center of Chengdu Mountain Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The instruments used include RIS ø TL / OSL – Da – 20 automatic luminescence instrument, etc. The age data set of debris flow sediments in typical complex mountainous areas is established, the formation age of debris flow sediments in complex mountainous areas is quantitatively studied, and the ancient debris flow disaster activity history in complex mountainous areas is determined.
HU Guisheng
This is Tibet Plateau (TP) annual near-surface temperature dataset during the past millennium with a 2° spatial resolution, which is produced using the paleoclimate data assimilation approach with EnSRF method, MPI-ESM-P model and 396 multi-proxies from the PAGES2k Consoritum. This dataset agrees well with several observational temperature datasets during the instrumental period, and has a similar level of reliability as the Twentieth Century Reanalysis which assimilates surface pressure observations. In addition, the dataset shows a high level of agreement with previous proxy-based reconstructions (average correlation of annual mean TP temperatures is r = 0.61). The dataset can be used to study the temperature variability over the TP and some regions of the TP during the past millennium (1000-2000 AD).
FANG Miao
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