This dataset includes data recorded by the Hydrometeorological observation network obtained from the automatic weather station (AWS) at the observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Huangzangsi station between 10 June, 2013, and 31 December, 2013. The site (100.192° E, 38.225° N) was located on a cropland (wheat) surface in the Huangzangsi village, Babao town, Qilian County, Qinghai Province. The elevation is 2612 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (HMP45AD; 5 m, north), wind speed and direction profile (03001; 10 m, north), air pressure (278; in the tamper box on the ground), rain gauge (TE525M; 10 m), four-component radiometer (CNR4; 6 m, south), two infrared temperature sensors (IRTC3; 6 m, south, vertically downward), soil heat flux (HFT3; 3 duplicates with G1 below the vegetation; G2 and G3 between plants, -0.06 m), soil temperature profile (AV-10T; 0, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, and -1.6 m), and soil moisture profile (CS616; -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, and -1.6 m). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5 m; RH_5 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_10 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_10 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m2), infrared temperature (IRT_1 and IRT_2) (℃), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2 and Gs_3) (W/m2), soil temperature (Ts_0 cm, Ts_4 cm, Ts_10 cm, Ts_20 cm, Ts_40 cm, Ts_80 cm, Ts_120 cm, and Ts_160 cm) (℃), and soil moisture (Ms_4 cm, Ms_10 cm, Ms_20 cm, Ms_40 cm, Ms_80 cm, Ms_120 cm, and Ms_160 cm) (%, volumetric water content). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. The missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2013-9-10 10:30. (6) Finally, the naming convention was AWS+ site no. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, ZHANG Yang, TAN Junlei
The data set contains meteorological observation data of shenshawo desert station in the middle reaches of the hehe river meteorological observation network from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014.The station is located in shensha wo, zhangye city, gansu province.The latitude and longitude of the observation point are 100.4933e, 38.7892N, and 1594m above sea level.Air temperature and relative humidity sensors are set up at 5m and 10m, facing due north.The barometer is installed at 2m;The inverted bucket rain gauge is installed at 10m;The wind speed sensor is set up at 5m, 10m, and the wind direction sensor is set up at 10m, facing due north;The four-component radiometer is installed at 6m, facing due south;The two infrared thermometers are installed at the position of 6m, facing south, and the probe is facing vertically downward.The soil temperature probe is buried at 0cm on the surface and 2cm, 4cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 60cm and 100cm underground, in the south due to 2m from the meteorological tower.Soil moisture sensors were buried in the ground at 2cm, 4cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 60cm and 100cm, respectively, in the south due to 2m from the meteorological tower.The soil hot flow plates (3) are successively buried in the ground at 6cm. Observation items are: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5m RH_5m Ta_10m, RH_10m) (unit: c, percentage), pressure (Press) (unit: hundred mpa), precipitation (Rain) (unit: mm), wind speed (WS_5m, WS_10m) (unit: m/s), wind (WD_10m) (unit: degrees), the radiation of four component (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn) (unit: watts per square meter), the surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2) (unit:C), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3) (unit: w/m), soil moisture (Ms_2cm, Ms_4cm, Ms_10cm, Ms_20cm, Ms_40cm_1, Ms_40cm_2, Ms_60cm, Ms_100cm) (unit: volume water content, percentage), and soil temperature (Ts_0cm, Ts_2cm, Ts_4cm, Ts_10cm, Ts_20cm, Ts_40cm, Ts_60cm, Ts_100cm) (unit: Celsius). Processing and quality control of observation data :(1) ensure 144 data per day (every 10min). If data is missing, it will be marked by -6999;Due to the adjustment of observation factors, some data were missing between 5.5-5.6, 2014.(2) eliminate the moments with duplicate records;(3) data that is obviously beyond the physical meaning or the range of the instrument is deleted;(4) the part marked by red letter in the data is the data in question;(5) the format of date and time is uniform, and the date and time are in the same column.For example, the time is: 2014-6-10-10:30;(6) the naming rule is: AWS+ site name. Please refer to Li et al.(2013) for hydrometeorological network or site information, and Liu et al.(2011) for observation data processing.
LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
The data set includes the observation data of river water level and velocity at No.7 point in the dense observation of runoff in the middle reaches of Heihe River from January 1, 2014 to December 28, 2014. The observation point is located in Heihe bridge, Pingchuan Township, Linze County, Zhangye City, Gansu Province. The riverbed is sandy gravel with unstable section. The longitude and latitude of the observation point are n39 ° 20'2.03 ", E100 ° 5'49.63", with an altitude of 1375m and a channel width of 130m. In 2014, sr50 ultrasonic distance meter was used for water level observation, with acquisition frequency of 30 minutes. Data description includes the following two parts: Water level observation, observation frequency 30 minutes, unit (cm); The data covers the period from January 1, 2014 to December 28, 2014. Flow observation, unit (m3); According to the monitoring flow of different water levels, the flow curve of water levels was obtained, and the change process of runoff was obtained by observing the process of water levels.The missing data are uniformly represented by the string -6999. For information of hydrometeorological network or station, please refer to Li et al.(2013), and for observation data processing, please refer to He et al.(2016).
HE Xiaobo, LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the large aperture scintillometer (LAS) at Daman Superstation in the hydrometeorological observation network of Heihe River Basin between 15 September, 2012, and 31 December, 2013. There were two types of LASs at Daman Superstation: German BLS450 (labeled as NQ and AR) and Netherlands Kipp&zonen. The north tower was set up with the Kipp&zonen/BLS450_AR receiver and the BLS450_NQ transmitter, and the south tower was equipped with the Kipp&zonen/BLS450_AR transmitter and the BLS450_NQ receiver. BLS450_NQ has been in use since 26 September, 2012, Kipp&zonen has been in use since 23 September, 2013, and the observation period of BLS450_AR was from 15 September, 2012, to 25 July, 2013. The site (north: 100.379° E, 38.861° N; south: 100.369° E, 38.847° N) was located in Daman irrigation district, which is near Zhangye, Gansu Province. The underlying surfaces between the two towers were corn, orchard, and greenhouse. The elevation is 1556 m. The effective height of the LASs was 22.45 m, and the path length was 1854 m. The data were sampled at 5 Hz and 1 Hz intervals for BLS450 and Kipp&zonen, respectively, then averaged to 1 minute. The raw data acquired at 1 min intervals were processed and quality controlled. The data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods, in which sensible heat flux was iteratively calculated by combining Cn2 with meteorological data according to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The main quality control steps were as follows: (1) The data were rejected when Cn2 exceeded the saturated criterion (BLS450: Cn2>1.43E-13, Kipp&zonen: Cn2>1.54E-13). (2) The data were rejected when the demodulation signal was small (BLS450: Average X Intensity<1000; Kipp&zonen: Demod>-20mv). (3) The data were rejected when collected during precipitation. (4) The data were rejected if collected at night when weak turbulence occurred (u* was less than 0.1 m/s). In the iteration process, the universal functions of Thiermann and Grassl, 1992 and Andreas, 1988 were selected for BLS450 and Kipp&zonen, respectively. Several instructions were included with the released data. (1) The data were primarily obtained from BLS450_NQ measurements, and missing flux measurements from the BLS450_NQ instrument were substituted with measurements from the BLS450_AR and Kipp&zonen instrument. The missing data were denoted by -6999. Due to the problems of BLS450_NQ SPU storing and wireless transmission, large amount of data from 11 August to 17 August, 18 August to 20 August, 22 August to 24 August, 27 August to 30 August, 2013, and 1 September to 3 September, 19 September to 23 September, 2013, were not collected. (2) The dataset contained the following variables: data/time (yyyy-m-d h:mm), the structural parameter of the air refractive index (Cn2, m-2/3), and the sensible heat flux (H_LAS, W/m^2). In this dataset, a time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30, and the data were stored in *.xls format. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the Dashalong station eddy covariance system (EC) in the upper reaches of the Heihe hydrometeorological observation network from 12 August to 31 December, 2013. The site (98.941° E, 38.840° N) was located in the swamp meadow, Qilian County in Qilian Province. The elevation is 3739 m. The EC was installed at a height of 4.5 m, and the sampling rate was 10 Hz. The sonic anemometer faced north, and the separation distance between the sonic anemometer and the CO2/H2O gas analyzer (CSAT3 & Li7500) was 0.15 m. The raw data acquired at 10 Hz were processed using the Edire post-processing software (University of Edinburgh, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/abs/research/micromet/EdiRe/), including the spike detection, lag correction of H2O/CO2 relative to the vertical wind component, sonic virtual temperature correction, coordinate rotation (2-D rotation), corrections for density fluctuation (Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction), and frequency response correction. The EC data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The observation data quality was divided into three classes according to the quality assessment method of stationarity (Δst) and the integral turbulent characteristics test (ITC), as proposed by Foken and Wichura [1996]: class 1 (level 0: Δst<30 and ITC<30), class 2 (level 1: Δst<100 and ITC<100), and class 3 (level 2: Δst>100 and ITC>100), representing high-, medium-, and low-quality data, respectively. In addition to the above processing steps, the half-hourly flux data were screened using a four-step procedure: (1) data from periods of sensor malfunction were rejected; (2) data collected before or after 1 h of precipitation were rejected; (3) incomplete 30 min data were rejected when the missing data constituted more than 3% of the 30 min raw record; and (4) data were rejected at night when the friction velocity (u*) was less than 0.1 m/s. There were 48 records per day, and the missing data were replaced with -6999. Suspicious data were marked in red. The released data contained the following variables: data/time, wind direction (Wdir, °), wind speed (Wnd, m/s), the standard deviation of the lateral wind (Std_Uy, m/s), virtual temperature (Tv, ℃), H2O mass density (H2O, g/m^3), CO2 mass density (CO2, mg/m^3), friction velocity (ustar, m/s), stability (z/L), sensible heat flux (Hs, W/m^2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m^2), carbon dioxide flux (Fc, mg/ (m^2s)), quality assessment of the sensible heat flux (QA_Hs), quality assessment of the latent heat flux (QA_LE), and quality assessment of the carbon flux (QA_Fc). In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xls format. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2018) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, ZHANG Yang, TAN Junlei
This dataset contains the automatic weather station (AWS) measurements from Bajitan Gobi station in the flux observation matrix from 13 May to 21 September, 2012. The site (100.30420° E, 38.91496° N) was located in a Gobi surface, which is near Zhangye city, Gansu Province. The elevation is 1562 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity (HMP45AC; 5 m and 10 m, towards north), air pressure (PTB110; 2 m), rain gauge (TE525M; 10 m), wind speed (03001; 5 m and 10 m, towards north), wind direction (03001; 10 m, towards north), a four-component radiometer (CNR1; 6 m, towards south), two infrared temperature sensors (IRTC3; 6 m, vertically downward), soil temperature profile (AV-10T; 0, -0.02, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, and -1.0 m), soil moisture profile (ECh2o-5; -0.02, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, and -1.0 m), and soil heat flux (HFT3; 3 duplicates, 0.06 m). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5 m and Ta_10 m, RH_5 m and RH_10 m) (℃ and %, respectively), air pressure (press, hpa), precipitation (rain, mm), wind speed (Ws_5 m and Ws_10 m, m/s), wind direction (WD_10 m, °), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation; W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT_1 and IR_2, ℃), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2 and Gs_3, W/m^2), soil temperature profile (Ts_0 cm, Ts_2 cm, Ts_4 cm, Ts_10 cm, Ts_20 cm, Ts_40 cm, Ts_60 cm, and Ts_100 cm, ℃), and soil moisture profile (Ms_2 cm, Ms_4 cm, Ms_10 cm, Ms_20 cm, Ms_40 cm, Ms_60 cm, and Ms_100 cm, %). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows. (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min; therefore, there were 144 records per day. The missing data were filled with -6999. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) In this dataset, the time of 0:10 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:10; the data were stored in *.xlsx format. (5) Finally, the naming convention was AWS+ site no. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2016) (for multi-scale observation experiment or sites information), Xu et al. (2013) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the Bajitan Gobi station eddy covariance system (EC) in the middle reaches of the Heihe hydrometeorological observation network from 18 September, 2012, to 31 December, 2013. The site (100.304° E, 38.915° N) was located in the Gobi surface, near Zhangye city in Gansu Province. The elevation is 1562 m. The EC was installed at a height of 4.6 m, and the sampling rate was 10 Hz. The sonic anemometer faced north, and the separation distance between the sonic anemometer and the CO2/H2O gas analyzer (CSAT3&Li7500) was 0.15 m. The raw data acquired at 10 Hz were processed using the Edire post-processing software (University of Edinburgh, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/abs/research/micromet/EdiRe/), including the spike detection, lag correction of H2O/CO2 relative to the vertical wind component, sonic virtual temperature correction, coordinate rotation (2-D rotation), corrections for density fluctuation (Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction), and frequency response correction. The EC data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The observation data quality was divided into three classes according to the quality assessment method of stationarity (Δst) and the integral turbulent characteristics test (ITC), as proposed by Foken and Wichura [1996]: class 1 (level 0: Δst<30 and ITC<30), class 2 (level 1: Δst<100 and ITC<100), and class 3 (level 2: Δst>100 and ITC>100), which represent high-, medium-, and low-quality data, respectively. In addition to the above processing steps, the half-hourly flux data were screened using a four-step procedure: (1) data from periods of sensor malfunction were rejected; (2) data collected before or after 1 h of precipitation were rejected; (3) incomplete 30 min data were rejected when the missing data constituted more than 3% of the 30 min raw record; and (4) data were rejected at night when the friction velocity (u*) was less than 0.1 m/s. There were 48 records per day, and the missing data were replaced with -6999. Suspicious data were marked in red. Data during 22 May to 13 June, 2013 were missing due to malfunction of data logger. The released data contained the following variables: data/time, wind direction (Wdir, °), wind speed (Wnd, m/s), the standard deviation of the lateral wind (Std_Uy, m/s), virtual temperature (Tv, ℃), H2O mass density (H2O, g/m^3), CO2 mass density (CO2, mg/m^3), friction velocity (ustar, m/s), stability (z/L), sensible heat flux (Hs, W/m^2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m^2), carbon dioxide flux (Fc, mg/ (m^2s)), quality assessment of the sensible heat flux (QA_Hs), quality assessment of the latent heat flux (QA_LE), and quality assessment of the carbon flux (QA_Fc). In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xls format. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2018) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
Based on the meteorological data of 105 meteorological stations in and around the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 1980 to 2019, the National Meteorological Science Data Center of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) was established. By calculating the oxygen content, it is found that there is a significant linear correlation between oxygen content and altitude, y = - 0.0263x + 283.8, R2 = 0.9819. Therefore, the oxygen content distribution map can be calculated based on DEM data grid. Due to the limitation of the natural environment in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, there are few related fixed-point observation institutions. This data can reflect the distribution of oxygen content in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau to a certain extent, and has certain reference significance for the research of human living environment in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
HE Xiaobo, ZHANG Jian, NING Tianxiang, HUANG Xiaoming, JIANG Heng, LIU Shaomin, LI Xin
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the large aperture scintillometer (LAS) at site No.2 in the flux observation matrix. There were two types of LASs at site No.2: German BLS900 and German BLS450. The observation periods were from 7 June to 19 September, 2012, and 18 June to 19 September, 2012, for the BLS900 and the BLS450, respectively. The north tower is placed with the receiver of BLS900 and the transmitter of BLS450, and the south tower is placed with the transmitter of BLS900 and the receiver of BLS450. The site (north: 100.363° E, 38.883° N; south: 100.362° E, 38.857° N) was located in the Yingke irrigation district, which is near Zhangye, Gansu Province. The elevation is 1552.75 m. The underlying surface between the two towers contains corn, greenhouse, and village. The effective height of the LASs was 33.45 m; the path length was 2841 m. Data were sampled at 1 min intervals. Raw data acquired at 1 min intervals were processed and quality-controlled. The data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The main quality control steps were as follows. (1) The data were rejected when Cn2 was beyond the saturated criterion (Cn2>4.08E-14). (2) Data were rejected when the demodulation signal was small (BLS900: Average X Intensity<1000; BLS450: Minimum X<50). (3) Data were rejected within 1 h of precipitation. (4) Data were rejected at night when weak turbulence occurred (u* was less than 0.1 m/s). The sensible heat flux was iteratively calculated by combining with meteorological data and based on Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. There were several instructions for the released data. (1) The data were primarily obtained from BLS900 measurements; missing flux measurements from the BLS900 were filled with measurements from the BLS450. Missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) The dataset contained the following variables: data/time (yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss), the structural parameter of the air refractive index (Cn2, m-2/3), and the sensible heat flux (H_LAS, W/m^2). (3) In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xlsx format. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2016) (for multi-scale observation experiment or sites information), Xu et al. (2013) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from site No.7 eddy covariance system (EC) in the flux observation matrix from 29 May to 18 September, 2012. The site (100.36521° E, 38.87676° N) was located in a cropland (maize surface) in Yingke irrigation district, which is near Zhangye, Gansu Province. The elevation is 1556.39 m. The EC was installed at a height of 3.8 m; the sampling rate was 10 Hz. The sonic anemometer faced north, and the separation distance between the sonic anemometer and the CO2/H2O gas analyzer (CSAT3&Li7500A) was 0.15 m. Raw data acquired at 10 Hz were processed using the Edire post-processing software (University of Edinburgh, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/abs/research/micromet/EdiRe/), including spike detection, lag correction of H2O/CO2 relative to the vertical wind component, sonic virtual temperature correction, coordinate rotation (2-D rotation), corrections for density fluctuation (Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction), and frequency response correction. The EC data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. Moreover, the observation data quality was divided into three classes according to the quality assessment method of stationarity (Δst) and the integral turbulent characteristics test (ITC), which was proposed by Foken and Wichura [1996]: class 1 (level 0: Δst<30 and ITC<30), class 2 (level 1: Δst<100 and ITC<100), and class 3 (level 2: Δst>100 and ITC>100), representing high-, medium-, and low-quality data, respectively. In addition to the above processing steps, the half-hourly flux data were screened in a four-step procedure: (1) data from periods of sensor malfunction were rejected; (2) data before or after 1 h of precipitation were rejected; (3) incomplete 30 min data were rejected when the missing data constituted more than 3% of the 30 min raw record; and (4) data were rejected at night when the friction velocity (u*) was less than 0.1 m/s. There were 48 records per day; the missing data were replaced with -6999. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. The released data contained the following variables: data/time, wind direction (Wdir, °), wind speed (Wnd, m/s), the standard deviation of the lateral wind (Std_Uy, m/s), virtual temperature (Tv, ℃), H2O mass density (H2O, g/m^3), CO2 mass density (CO2, mg/m^3), friction velocity (ustar, m/s), stability (z/L), sensible heat flux (Hs, W/m^2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m^2), carbon dioxide flux (Fc, mg/ (m^2s)), quality assessment of the sensible heat flux (QA_Hs), quality assessment of the latent heat flux (QA_LE), and quality assessment of the carbon flux (QA_Fc). In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xlsx format. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2016) (for multi-scale observation experiment or sites information), Xu et al. (2013) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This data set contains data of meteorological elements observation system of farmland station downstream of heihe hydrometeorological observation network from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014.The station is located at sidao bridge, dalai hubu town, ejin banner, Inner Mongolia.The latitude and longitude of the observation point are 101.1338e, 42.0048n, and 875m above sea level.The four-component radiometer is installed at 6m, facing due south;The two infrared thermometer sensors are installed at the position of 6m, facing south, and the probe is facing vertically downward.The two photosynthetic radiometers are installed at the position of 6m, facing due south, and the probes are vertically up and down in one direction.The soil temperature probe is buried at 0cm on the surface, 2cm and 4cm underground, and 2m to the south of the meteorological tower.The soil moisture sensor (installed on March 15, 2014) was buried 2cm and 4cm underground, in the south due to 2m from the meteorological tower.The soil hot flow plates (3) are successively buried in the ground 6cm away from the weather tower 2m due south. Radiation observation projects are: four components (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn) (unit: watts per square meter), the surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2) (unit: c), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3) (unit: watts per square meter), soil temperature (Ts_0cm Ts_2cm Ts_4cm) (unit: c), soil moisture (Ms_2cm, Ms_4cm) (unit:Volume water content, percentage), up and down photosynthetic effective radiation (PAR_up, PAR_down) (unit: micromole/m s). Processing and quality control of observation data :(1) ensure 144 data per day (every 10min). If data is missing, it will be marked by -6999;Due to site reconstruction, data was missing between April 15, 2014 and July, 2014;(2) eliminate the moments with duplicate records;(3) data that is obviously beyond the physical meaning or the range of the instrument is deleted;(4) the part marked by red letter in the data is the data in question;(5) the format of date and time is uniform, and the date and time are in the same column.For example, the time is: 2014-9-10-10:30;(6) the naming rule is: AWS+ site name. Please refer to Li et al.(2013) for hydrometeorological network or site information, and Liu et al.(2011) for observation data processing.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
The data set contains the observation data of meteorological elements from the Bajitan Gobi Desert Station, which is located along the middle reaches of the Heihe Hydro-meteorological Observation Network, and the data set covers data from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. The station is located in Bajitan, West Zhangye City, Gansu Province, the underlying surface is Gobi. The latitude and longitude of the observation point is 100.3042E, 38.9150N, and the altitude is 1562m. The air temperature and relative humidity sensors are erected 5 and 10 meters above the ground, facing North; the barometer is installed 2 meters above the ground; tipping bucket rain gauge is installed 10 meters above the ground; the wind speed sensors are set 5 and 10 meters above the ground, facing North; the four-component radiometer is installed 6 meters above the ground, facing South; two infrared thermometers are installed 6 meters above the ground, facing South, and the probe orientation is vertical downward; the soil temperature probes are buried respectively at 0cm on the ground surface, 2cm, 4cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 60cm and 100cm under the ground, they are located 2 meters from the meteorological tower in the North. The soil moisture sensors are buried 2cm, 4cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 60cm and 100cm under the ground, 2 meters from the meteorological tower in the South; the soil heat flow boards (3 pieces) are buried 6cm under the ground. Observed items include: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5m、RH_5m、Ta_10m、RH_10m) (unit: Celsius, percentage), pressure(Press) (unit:hectopascal), precipitation (Rain) (unit: mm), wind speed (WS_5m、WS_10m) (unit: meter / sec), wind direction (WD_10m) (unit: degree), four-component radiation (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn) (unit: watt / square meter), surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2) (unit: Celsius) , soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3) (unit: watt / square meter), soil moisture (Ms_2cm、Ms_4cm、Ms_10cm、Ms_20cm、Ms_40cm、Ms_60cm、Ms_100cm) (unit: volumetric water content, percentage), soil temperature (Ts_0cm、Ts_2cm、Ts_4cm、Ts_10cm、Ts_20cm、Ts_40cm、Ts_60cm、Ts_100cm) (unit : Celsius). Processing and quality control of observation data: (1) Ensure 144 data per day (every 10 minutes), if there is missing data, it is marked as -6999. Due to sensor problem, Ms_40cm data between January 1 and March 2 had a large fluctuation, it can only be used as reference. (2) Eliminate moments with duplicate records; (3) Remove data that is significantly beyond physical meaning or beyond the measuring range of the instrument; (4) Data marked by red is debatable; (5) The formats of the date and time are uniform, and the date and time are in the same column. For example, the time is: 2014-6-10 10:30; (6) The naming rule is: AWS + site name. For hydro-meteorological network or site information, please refer to Liu et al. (2018). For observation data processing, please refer to Liu et al. (2011).
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
This dataset contains data on river water level and flow velocity at No.3 in the intensive runoff observation in the middle reaches of Heihe River runoff from July 28, 2014 to December 31, 2014. The observation point is located at Heihe Bridge, Lan-Xin Railway, Zhangye City, Gansu Province. The riverbed is gravel and the section is stable. The latitude and longitude of the observation point is N39°2'33.08", E100°25'49.42", the altitude is 1443 meters, and the river channel width is 50 meters. The water level observation is measured by SR50 ultrasonic range finder with a frequency of 60 minutes. The flow profile observation is conducted by StreamPro micro ADCP. The data declaration includes the following two parts: Water level observation, the observation frequency is 60 minutes, unit (cm); data covering time period from July 28, 2014 to December 31, 2014; Flow observation, unit (m3); monitoring flow and obtaining water level flow curve according to different water levels. The process of the runoff changing is obtained by observing the water level process. The missing data is uniformly represented by the string -6999. For hydrometeorological network or site information, please refer to Li et al. (2013). For observation data processing, please refer to He et al. (2016).
HE Xiaobo, LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the large aperture scintillometer (LAS) at Sidaoqiao Superstation (two sites) in the hydrometeorological observation network of Heihe River Basin. There were two types of LASs at site 1: German BLS900 and Netherlands Kipp&zonen. The north tower was set up with the BLS900/Kipp&zonen receiver, and the south tower was equipped with the BLS900/Kipp&zonen transmitter. The observation period of BLS900_1 and Kipp&zonen were from 11 July to 13 November, 2013, and 11 July to 12 September, 2013, respectively. There was one type of LAS at site 2: German BLS900. The north tower was set up with the BLS900 receiver, and the south tower was equipped with the BLS900 transmitter. BLS900_2 has been in use since 16 September, 2013. The Sidaoqiao Superstation (site1, north: 101.147° E, 42.005° N, south: 101.131° E, 41.987° N; site 2, north: 101.137° E, 42.008° N, south: 101.121° E, 41.990° N) was located in Ejinaqi, Inner Mongolia. The underlying surfaces between the two towers were tamarisk, populus, bare land and farmland. The elevation is 873 m. The effective height of the LASs was 25.5 m, and the path length of site 1 and site 2 were 2390 m and 2380 m, respectively. The data were sampled at 5 Hz and 1 Hz intervals for BLS900 and zzlas, respectively, and then averaged over 1 min. The raw data acquired at 1 min intervals were processed and quality controlled. The data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods, in which sensible heat flux was iteratively calculated by combining Cn2 with meteorological data according to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The main quality control steps were as follows: (1) The data were rejected when Cn2 exceeded the saturated criterion (BLS900_1: Cn2>7.25E-14, Kipp&zonen: Cn2>7.84E-14, BLS900_2: Cn2>7.33E-14). (2) The data were rejected when the demodulation signal was small (BLS900: Average X Intensity<1000; Kipp&zonen: Demod>-20mv). (3) The data were rejected when collected during precipitation. (4) The data were rejected if collected at night when weak turbulence occurred (u* was less than 0.1 m/s). In the iteration process, the universal functions of Thiermann and Grassl, 1992 and Andreas, 1988 were selected for BLS900 and Kipp&zonen, respectively. Several instructions were included with the released data. (1) The data of site 1 were primarily obtained from BLS900_1 measurements, and missing flux measurements from the BLS900_1 instrument were substituted with measurements from the Kipp&zonen instrument. The missing data were denoted by -6999. The data of site 2 were obtained from BLS900_2 measurements, missing data were denoted by -6999. Due to the problems of BLS900_1 transmitter, the data after 13 November, 2013, were not collected. (2) The dataset contained the following variables: data/time (yyyy-m-d h:mm), the structural parameter of the air refractive index (Cn2, m-2/3), and the sensible heat flux (H_LAS, W/m^2). In this dataset, a time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30, and the data were stored in *.xls format. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the barren-land station eddy covariance system (EC) in the lower reaches of the Heihe hydrometeorological observation network from 10 July to 31 December, 2013. The site (101.133° E, 41.999° N) was located in the barren-land surface, Ejin Banner in Inner Mongolia. The elevation is 878 m. The EC was installed at a height of 3.5 m, and the sampling rate was 10 Hz. The sonic anemometer faced north, and the separation distance between the sonic anemometer and the CO2/H2O gas analyzer (CSAT3&Li7500) was 0.15 m. The raw data acquired at 10 Hz were processed using the Edire post-processing software (University of Edinburgh, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/abs/research/micromet/EdiRe/), including the spike detection, lag correction of H2O/CO2 relative to the vertical wind component, sonic virtual temperature correction, coordinate rotation (2-D rotation), corrections for density fluctuation (Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction), and frequency response correction. The EC data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The observation data quality was divided into three classes according to the quality assessment method of stationarity (Δst) and the integral turbulent characteristics test (ITC), as proposed by Foken and Wichura [1996]: class 1 (level 0: Δst<30 and ITC<30), class 2 (level 1: Δst<100 and ITC<100), and class 3 (level 2: Δst>100 and ITC>100), which represent high-, medium-, and low-quality data, respectively. In addition to the above processing steps, the half-hourly flux data were screened using a four-step procedure: (1) data from periods of sensor malfunction were rejected; (2) data collected before or after 1 h of precipitation were rejected; (3) incomplete 30 min data were rejected when the missing data constituted more than 3% of the 30 min raw record; and (4) data were rejected at night when the friction velocity (u*) was less than 0.2 m/s. There were 48 records per day, and the missing data were replaced with -6999. Suspicious data were marked in red. Due to the malfunction of CO2/H2O gas analyzer and CF card storage problem, data during 17 July to 13 September and 6 December to 11 December were missing. The released data contained the following variables: data/time, wind direction (Wdir, °), wind speed (Wnd, m/s), the standard deviation of the lateral wind (Std_Uy, m/s), virtual temperature (Tv, ℃), H2O mass density (H2O, g/m^3), CO2 mass density (CO2, mg/m^3), friction velocity (ustar, m/s), stability (z/L), sensible heat flux (Hs, W/m^2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m^2), carbon dioxide flux (Fc, mg/ (m^2s)), quality assessment of the sensible heat flux (QA_Hs), quality assessment of the latent heat flux (QA_LE), and quality assessment of the carbon flux (QA_Fc). In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xls format. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
The No. 7 hydrological section is located at Pingchuan Heihe River Bridge (100.097° E, 39.334° N, 1375 m) in the midstream of the Heihe River Basin, Zhangye city, Gansu Province. The dataset contains observations recorded by the No.7 hydrological section from 17 June, 2012, to 31 December, 2013. The width of this section is 130 meters. The water level was measured using an SR50 ultrasonic range and the discharge was measured using cross-section reconnaissance by the StreamPro ADCP. The dataset includes the following parameters: water level (recorded every 30 minutes) and discharge. The missing and incorrect (outside the normal range) data were replaced with -6999. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), He et al. (2016) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
HE Xiaobo, LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
The No. 6 hydrological section is located at Gaoya Hydrological Station (100.433° E, 39.135° N, 1420 m a.s.l.) in the midstream of the Heihe River Basin, Zhangye city, Gansu Province. This hydrological section is for intercomparison of flow measurement between ADCP and manual method. The dataset contains recorded by the No. 6 hydrological section from 10 August, 2012 to 31 December, 2013. The width of this section is 58 meters. The water level was measured using an HOBO pressure range and the discharge was measured using cross-section reconnaissance by the StreamPro ADCP. The dataset includes the following parameters: water level (recorded every 30 minutes) and discharge. The missing and incorrect (outside the normal range) data were replaced with -6999. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), He et al. (2016) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
HE Xiaobo, LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, XU Ziwei
This data set contains the eddy correlograph observation data from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 at the alou superstation, upstream of the heihe hydrometeorological observation network.The station is located in caoban village, aru township, qilian county, qinghai province.The longitude and latitude of the observation point are 100.4643e, 38.0473n and 3033m above sea level.The rack height of the vortex correlativity meter is 3.5m, the sampling frequency is 10Hz, the ultrasonic orientation is due north, and the distance between the ultrasonic wind speed and temperature meter (CSAT3) and CO2/H2O analyzer (Li7500A) is 15cm. The original observation data of the vortex correlativity instrument is 10Hz, and the published data is the 30-minute data processed by Eddypro software. The main processing steps include: outliers, delay time correction, coordinate rotation (quadratic coordinate rotation), frequency response correction, ultrasonic virtual temperature correction and density (WPL) correction.Quality assessment for each intercompared to at the same time, mainly is the atmospheric stability (Δ st) and turbulent characteristics of similarity (ITC) test.The 30min pass value output by Eddypro software was also screened :(1) data when instrument error was eliminated;(2) data of 1h before and after precipitation are excluded;(3) remove the data with a missing rate of more than 10% in the original 10Hz data within every 30 minutes;(4) the observation data of weak turbulence at night (u* less than 0.1m/s) were excluded.The average observation period was 30 minutes, 48 data per day, and the missing data was marked as -6999.Suspicious data caused by instrument drift and other reasons are marked with red font, in which the calibration data of Li7500A of the eddy current system on April 16-17 is missing;When 10Hz data is missing due to a problem with the memory card storage data (9.20-10.21,11.3-11.18), the data is replaced by the 30-min flux data output by the collector. The published observational data include:Date/Time for the Date/Time, wind Wdir (°), Wnd horizontal wind speed (m/s), standard deviation Std_Uy lateral wind speed (m/s), ultrasonic virtual temperature Tv (℃), the water vapor density H2O (g/m3), carbon dioxide concentration CO2 (mg/m3), friction velocity Ustar) (m/s), Mr. Hoff length L (m), sensible heat flux Hs (W/m2), latent heat flux LE (W/m2), carbon dioxide flux Fc (mg/(m2s)), the quality of the sensible heat flux identifier QA_Hs, the quality of the latent heat flux identifier QA_LE,Quality indicator for co2 flux QA_Fc.The quality of the sensible heat and latent heat, carbon dioxide flux identification is divided into three (quality id 0: (Δ st < 30, the ITC < 30);1: (Δ st < 100, ITC < 100);The rest is 2).The meaning of data time, such as 0:30 represents the average of 0:00-0:30;The data is stored in *.xls format. For information of hydrometeorological network or station, please refer to Liu et al. (2018), and for observation data processing, please refer to Liu et al. (2011).
LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, ZHANG Yang, TAN Junlei
This dataset includes data recorded by the Hydrometeorological observation network obtained from the automatic weather station (AWS) at the observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Daman Superstation between 22 September, 2012, and 31 December, 2013. The site (100.4464° E, 38.9751° N) was located on a wetland (reed surface) in Zhangye National Wetland Park, Gansu Province. The elevation is 1460 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (HMP45AC; 5 and 10 m, north), wind speed profile (03002; 5 and 10 m, north), wind direction profile (03002; 10 m, north), air pressure (CS100; 2 m), rain gauge (TE525M; 10 m), four-component radiometer (CNR1; 6 m, south), two infrared temperature sensors (SI-111; 6 m, south, vertically downward), soil heat flux (HFP01; 3 duplicates, -0.06 m), soil temperature profile (109ss-L; 0, -0.02, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2 and -0.4 m), and four photosynthetically active radiation (PQS-1; install on 28 July, 2013, two above the plants, 6 m, south, one vertically downward and one vertically upward; two below the plants, 0.25 m, south, one vertically downward and one vertically upward). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5 m and Ta_10 m; RH_5 m and RH_10 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_5 m and Ws_10 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_10 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT_1 and IRT_2) (℃), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, and Gs_3) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_0 cm, Ts_2 cm, Ts_4 cm, Ts_10 cm, Ts_20 cm and Ts_40 cm) (℃), on the plants photosynthetically active radiation of upward and downward (PAR_U_up and PAR_U_down) (μmol/ (s m^-2)), and below the plants photosynthetically active radiation of upward and downward (PAR_D_up and PAR_D_down) (μmol/ (s m^-2)). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. Data were missing during 10 May, 2013 and 30 May, 2013 because of datalogger malfunction; the wind speed data were missing during 1 September, 2013 and 5 September, 2013 because of sensor malfunction. The missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2013-6-10 10:30. (6) Finally, the naming convention was AWS+ site no. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Li et al. (2013) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, REN Zhiguo, TAN Junlei
This dataset includes data recorded by the Hydrometeorological observation network obtained from the automatic weather station (AWS) at the observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Dashalong station between 11 August, 2013, and 31 December, 2013. The site (98.941° E, 38.840° N) was located on a swamp meadow surface in the Longshatan, which is near west of Qilian county, Qinghai Province. The elevation is 3739 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (HMP45C; 5 m, north), wind speed and direction profile (010C/020C; 10 m, north), air pressure (PTB110; in the tamper box on the ground), rain gauge (TE525M; 10 m), four-component radiometer (CNR1; 6 m, south), two infrared temperature sensors (SI-111; 6 m, south, vertically downward), soil heat flux (HFP01; 3 duplicates, -0.06 m), soil temperature profile (109ss-L; 0, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, and -1.6 m), and soil moisture profile (CS616; -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, and -1.6 m). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5 m; RH_5 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_10 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_10 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT_1 and IRT_2) (℃), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2 and Gs_3) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_0 cm, Ts_4 cm, Ts_10 cm, Ts_20 cm, Ts_40 cm, Ts_80 cm, Ts_120 cm, and Ts_160 cm) (℃), and soil moisture (Ms_4 cm, Ms_10 cm, Ms_20 cm, Ms_40 cm, Ms_80 cm, Ms_120 cm, and Ms_160 cm) (%, volumetric water content). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. Data during 21 December, 2013 and 31 December, 2013 were missing because of power supply; the radiation data were missing before 26 September, 2013 due to the wiring problem. The missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2013-9-10 10:30. (6) Finally, the naming convention was AWS+ site no. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2018) (for hydrometeorological observation network or sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, LI Xin, CHE Tao, XU Ziwei, ZHANG Yang, TAN Junlei
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