The passive seismic data was collected from 20 portable broadband stations deployed in the intersection of the Pamir, the Tarim basin and the Tianshan orogenic belt between October 2019 and July 2020. The waveforms were cut 50 s prior to and 150 s after the P wave arrival. Seismic events were chosen with magnitudes greater than or equal to 6.0 and epicentral distance range of 30-95°. The data can be used in seismic tomography，shear wave splitting and receiver function technique to obtain the high-resolution crustal and upper mantle velocity structure, the depths of typical discontinuities and the anisotropic characteristics, provide vital constraints on elucidating the intracontinental deformation mechanism in response to India-Asia collision.
XU Qiang
The data set is a three-dimensional lithospheric stress field model in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, which is constrained by GPS velocity field and focal mechanism solution. A 3D finite element model of regional lithospheric deformation is constructed by using the lithospheric structure fracture information in Sichuan-Yunnan region. The velocity boundary constraints of the model are given by integrating the regional GPS velocity published in the existing researches and the latest observation. At the same time, the stress field of the model is constrained by the focal mechanism solution of regional small and medium earthquakes and mantle convection. A comprehensive simulation model of current crustal deformation and stress field in Sichuan-Yunnan region is constructed. The model can be used for further study on valuable scientific issues such as the mechanism of the large earthquakes preparation, tectonic evolution of the lithosphere in Sichuan-Yunnan region and the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau.
XIONG Xiong
This data set includes major and trace elements and zircon U-Pb isotope data of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in Baoshan block, Tengchong, Yunnan Province. The sampling time is 2018, and the area is near lameng Town, Baoshan District, Tengchong, Yunnan. The rock samples include 8 sedimentary rock samples. This data provides key information for understanding the evolution of the middle Tethys structure between Tengchong and Baoshan, and limits the closing time of the middle Tethys ocean to the late Jurassic, which is of great significance for discussing the evolution process of the Tethys structure. The whole rock major and trace elements of rock samples were tested by fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and zircon U-Pb was dated by laser ablation plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). The testing units include Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The related articles of this data set have been published in the Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, and the data results are true and reliable.
ZHANG Jiuyuan
This data set is the original observation data of magnetotelluric method (MT) collected by the project team in Yangyi geothermal field, Dangxiong County, Tibet. The data format is EDI and contains 36 files. The data set contains 3 MT profiles, with the distance between survey lines of about 1km and the distance between survey points of about 500m. The field data acquisition equipment adopts the new SEP ground electromagnetic detection system developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. At each MT measuring point, the two horizontal components ex (north-south direction) and ey (east-west direction) of the electric field are measured with a non polarized electrode, and the three components HX (north-south direction), hy (east-west direction) and Hz (plumb bob direction) of the magnetic field are measured with a magnetic sensor. The observation time of each measuring point exceeds 10 hours, and the effective frequency range is 320 hz~0.001 Hz. Through the preprocessing and inversion of the data set, the electrical structure in the depth of 10km in Yangyi geothermal field can be obtained, which provides a basis for the location and scale of deep heat sources, heat control and heat conduction structures in the investigation area.
CHEN Weiying
This data set is the original observation data of magnetotelluric method (MT) collected by the project team in Yangbajing Geothermal field, Dangxiong County, Tibet. The data format is EDI and contains 53 files. The data set contains 4 MT profiles, with the distance between survey lines of about 1km and the distance between survey points of about 500m. The field data acquisition equipment adopts the new SEP ground electromagnetic detection system developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. At each MT measuring point, the two horizontal components ex (north-south direction) and ey (east-west direction) of the electric field are measured with a non polarized electrode, and the three components HX (north-south direction), hy (east-west direction) and Hz (plumb bob direction) of the magnetic field are measured with a magnetic sensor. The observation time of each measuring point exceeds 10 hours, and the effective frequency range is 320 hz~0.001 Hz. Through the preprocessing and inversion of the data set, the electrical structure in the depth of 10km in Yangbajing Geothermal field can be obtained, which provides a basis for the location and scale of deep heat sources, heat control and heat conduction structures in the investigation area.
CHEN Weiying
This dataset is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the active fault zone of the Tianshan Mountains (2013). The obtained geological map is a 1:2.5 million geological map, covering the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Tianshan Mountains. Geological structural maps can provide a digital space platform for the informatization of the national economy, and provide information services for national and provincial departments for regional planning, geological disaster monitoring, geological surveys, prospecting and exploration, and macro decision-making. The source of the obtained geological map data is to scan the paper map first, then perform georeferencing on the ArcGIS 10.5 platform, and then obtain it by vectorization. The storage format is vector data, and the spatial granularity is divided into regions.
ZHU Yaru
The Wuyu Basin is bounded by the Gangdese Mountains to the north and the Yarlung Tsangpo River to the south, and is a representative basin to study the Cenozoic tectonism of the southern Tibet. The sedimentary strata in the Wuyu Basin include the Paleocene-Eocene Linzizong Group volcanics and the Oligocene Rigongla Formation (Fm.) volcanics, the Miocene lacustrine sediments of the Mangxiang Fm. and Laiqing Fm. volcanics, the late Miocene-Pliocene Wuyu Fm., and the Pleistocene Dazi Fm. Five sandstone samples from the Mangxiang Fm., Wuyu Fm. and Dazi Fm. and one modern Wuyu reiver sand sample were collected for detrital zircon U-Pb dating using the LA-ICP-MS method. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages in the Mangxiang Fm. show a large cluster at 45-80 Ma; those in the Wuyu Fm. show a large cluster at 8-15 Ma and a subsidiary cluster at 45-70 Ma; those in the Dazi Fm. show three large clusters at 45-65 Ma, 105-150 Ma and 167-238 Ma; and those in modern Wuyu river show a large cluster at 8-15 Ma and a subsidiary cluster at 45-65 Ma (Figure 1). Late Cretaceous-early Eocene zircons in all samples are consistent with the most prominent stage of magmatism of the Gangdese Mountains; the 8-15 Ma zircons in the Wuyu Fm. and modern Wuyu river are consistent with the magmatism of the Laiqing Fm.; and the Triassic-Jurassic zircons in the Dazi Fm. are consistent with the magmatism of the central Lhasa terrane. The results of detrital zircon U-Pb ages and sedimentary facies analyses in the Wuyu Basin indicate that the southern Tibetan Plateau suffered multi-stage tectonism-magmatism since the India-Asia collision: (1) Paleogene Linzizong Group-Rigongla Fm. volcanics; (2) tectonism-magmatism at ~15 Ma ended the lacustrine sediments of the Mangxiang Fm. and resulted in volcanism of the Laiqing Fm.; (3) tectonism at ~8 Ma resulted in the volcanic rocks of the Laiqing Fm. becoming one of the main provenances for the overlying Wuyu Fm.; (4) the Wuyu Basin formed braided river and received sediments from the central Lhasa terrane to its north at ~2.5 Ma. The geomorphic pattern of the southern Tibet has gradually formed since the Quaternary.
MENG Qingquan MENG Qingquan
Structural geological profile along the survey line of deep reflection seismic profile (Dogcuoren Lake-Whale Lake section, with a total length of about 200 km) (scale of 1:100000). The section is mainly drawn based on the field geological survey along the reflection section survey line and the 1:250000 Regional Geological Map of the area where the survey line is located. Combined with the field occurrence data and 1:250000 Regional geological map data, the structural geological section is drawn with CorelDRAW and other software. The geological structure profile drawn at the scale of 1:100000 can roughly reflect the geological structure and structural characteristics along the reflection profile. The geometric structure information obtained from the geological structure section can provide shallow structural constraints for the structural interpretation of the later deep reflection seismic section and the production of the equilibrium section.
GUO Xiaoyu
Based on the collection of GPS and stress data of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, this paper combs the movement rate and stress deformation system of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, displays the direction and size of each point through MAPGIS software, and then superimposes it on several main tectonic units of Songpan Ganzi flysch belt, North Qiangtang Changdu Simao plate, South Qiangtang Baoshan block and Gangdise Lhasa block. This paper tries to reflect the similarities and differences of the specific deformation modes of each block under the overall stress of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, and further define the specific deformation style and deformation state of each local area. This is of great significance for a deep understanding of the Cenozoic deformation model of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, as well as for guiding local disaster prevention and relief and engineering construction.
WANG Shifeng
Based on the comprehensive analysis of the 1:250000 geological map and 1:1 million regional geological chronicles of Tibet in eastern Tibet, the latest research progress of existing strata, rocks and structures in Sanjiang area is collected, especially the systematic research on Jinsha River suture zone, Bitu suture zone and Bangong Lake Nujiang suture zone. The area is divided into Songpan Ganzi flysch zone, North Qiangtang Changdu Simao plate South Qiangtang Baoshan massif and Gangdise Lhasa massif are several main tectonic units; On this basis, Songpan Ganzi block is further divided into three sub units: Bayankala block, Ganzi Litang lake basin system and Zhongzan block; The North Qiangtang Changdu Simao plate is subdivided into five units: Jinshajiang paleoTethys belt, Changdu terrane, Lanping Simao terrane, Lincang volcanic rock belt and Bitu paleoTethys belt; The Nanqiangtang Baoshan tectonic system is subdivided into three tectonic units: Nanqiangtang block, Baoshan block and Bangong Lake Nujiang middle Tethys belt. The new structural unit division provides basic data for earthquake disaster prevention, engineering geology and Qiangtang oil and gas exploration.
WANG Shifeng
Based on the research progress of strata, rocks and structures in Sanjiang area, especially the systematic study of Jinshajiang suture zone, Bitu suture zone and Bangonghu Nujiang suture zone, this area is divided into several main structural units: Songpan Ganzi flysch zone, North Qiangtang Changdu Simao plate, South Qiangtang Baoshan block and Gangdise Lhasa block; On this basis, Songpan Ganzi block is further divided into three sub units: Bayankala block, Ganzi Litang lake basin system and Zhongzan block; The North Qiangtang Changdu Simao plate is subdivided into five units: Jinshajiang paleoTethys belt, Changdu terrane, Lanping Simao terrane, Lincang volcanic rock belt and Bitu paleoTethys belt; The Nanqiangtang Baoshan tectonic system is subdivided into three tectonic units: Nanqiangtang block, Baoshan block and Bangong Lake Nujiang middle Tethys belt.
WANG Shifeng
The rock assemblages of basic rocks, ultrabasic rocks and other melanges in the Bitu area of Zuogong are found in the field investigation, indicating the existence of tectonic melange accumulation. Major and trace elements and Sr Nd isotopes were completed in the Key Laboratory of deposit geochemistry, Institute of geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Among them, the main elements are analyzed by pw4400 X-ray fluorescence instrument, and the contents of 10 element oxides are determined; Trace elements are tested by ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. ICP-MS is manufactured by Agilent company in Tokyo, Japan, and the model is Agilent 7700x. The analysis method is the same as that of Zhang Xin, etc. According to the analysis results of standard sample gbpc-1de, the analysis error is less than 5%. The test basis is GB / T 17672-1999.
WANG Shifeng
The separation of zircon was completed by heavy liquid and magnetic separation in the laboratory of Hebei geological team. Cathodoluminescence images are used to observe the internal structure of zircon particles, and appropriate points are selected for analysis and research. U. Th and Pb were determined in La ⁃ ICP ⁃ ms of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. For detailed analysis methods, see Li et al. (2009). Zircon standard sample and zircon sample are determined alternately in the ratio of 1 ∶ 3. The U ⁃ th ⁃ Pb isotope ratio was corrected with the standard zircon pl é sovice (337 Ma, SL á Ma et al., 2008), and the standard sample Qinghu (159.5 Ma, Li et al., 2009) was used as the accuracy of the monitoring data of the unknown sample. The isotopic ratio and age error are all 1 σ。 The data results are processed by isoplot software (Ludwig, 2001). On the basis of zircon u ⁃ Pb dating, select the age point with good harmony, and delineate the Hf isotope point in the micro area consistent with the ring trend of the age point. Zircon Hf isotope analysis is carried out on Neptune Plusma II multi receiver plasma mass spectrometer and nwr193uc 193 nm laser sampling system. See Liu et al. (2008) for detailed steps of the instrument. The diameter of laser ablation spot beam is generally 60 μ m. Each measuring point includes 10 s pre denudation, 45 s denudation and 30 s cleaning time. During the sample test, 91500 is taken as the standard sample, and its 176hf / 177hf = 0.282 286 ± 12 (2 σ， n = 21）。
WANG Shifeng
We have studied the Petrotectonic attributes of granites distributed in a large area in the North Lancangjiang structure in Bitu area. The major and trace elements and Sr Nd isotopes have been completed in the Key Laboratory of deposit geochemistry, Institute of geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Among them, the main elements are analyzed by pw4400 X-ray fluorescence instrument, and the contents of 10 element oxides are determined; Trace elements are tested by ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. ICP-MS is manufactured by Agilent company in Tokyo, Japan, and the model is Agilent 7700x. The analysis method is the same as that of Zhang Xin, etc. According to the analysis results of standard sample gbpc-1de, the analysis error is less than 5%. MC-ICP-MS double focusing magnetic mass spectrometer with Neptune plus model is used for isotope test experiment. The test basis is GB / T 17672-1999.
WANG Shifeng
Based on the anatomy of the fine structure of Zhaxikang deposit, through systematic structural analysis, geophysical exploration and interpretation, combined with the shallow geochemical characteristics, the comprehensive geological geochemical geophysical exploration model and prediction index system of zhaxikang deposit are used to carry out mineral prediction, and one deep prospecting target area near zhaxikang line 54 is delineated. The deep target area of Qingmuzhu is located in the northwest of Cuonadong Xianglin area. Based on the information of geology, geochemistry and Geophysics, a beryllium tin tungsten polymetallic prospecting target area is delineated in the deep part of Qingmuzhu area. Geochemical characteristics show that there are high cumulative anomalies of lead, zinc, antimony and silver lining values in Qingmuzhu area, indicating that there are low-temperature element anomalies such as lead and zinc in this area. At the same time, the geological mapping work found several NE trending fault fracture zones on the surface of Qingmuzhu, with a width of 1-5m, filled with quartz, iron manganese carbonate and metal sulfide, indicating that there is a vein shaped lead-zinc antimony polymetallic mineralization controlled by the fault in qingmuzhu, which has similar metallogenic characteristics to Zhaxikang lead-zinc polymetallic deposit. According to the cuonadong dome extension zone, it extends northwestward and just reaches the deep part of Qingmuzhu area.
ZHANG Linkui
The cuonadong sn-w-be deposit, located in southern Tibet, is the first large tin polymetallic deposit related to Miocene leucogranite found in the Himalayas. The AR ar ages of muscovite and phlogopite in cassiterite sulfide veins in skarn are 15.4ma and 15.0ma respectively, and the U-Pb age of cassiterite in skarn is 14.3ma. The zircon and monazite U-Pb ages of tin bearing Leucogranites are 14.9ma and 15.3ma, respectively. The above diagenetic and metallogenic ages are completely consistent within the error range, indicating that tin tungsten mineralization is related to Miocene leucogranite in Genesis. The main metallogenic mechanism of skarn w-sn-be is water rock reaction. The metallogenic mechanism of cassiterite quartz vein and cassiterite sulfide vein is fluid boiling caused by the increase of oxygen fugacity, cooling and depressurization. The precipitation mechanism of fluorite quartz vein is the fluid mixing and dilution of magmatic hydrothermal fluid and atmospheric precipitation. The U-Pb age of monazite of garnet schist in cuonadong dome indicates that exhumation and retrograde metamorphism occurred at 38-26 Ma, and a small amount of pegmatite dikes (34 MA) were formed. The cuonadong dome was mainly formed in 21-18 Ma, which is the joint action of STDs extension and detachment and the second stage leucogranite (21 MA) magmatic diapir. At 18-16 Ma, the North-South rift led to the dehydration and partial melting of mica in the high Himalayas, forming the latest tin bearing leucogranite (16mA) and ore controlling fault system. The cuonadong tin polymetallic deposit was formed by the high-grade evolution of tin bearing leucogranite, fluid exmelting and magmatic hydrothermal fluid. There are a large number of dome structures similar to cuonadong and Miocene highly differentiated tin bearing Leucogranites in the Himalayas. This area is expected to become a new tin tungsten rare metal metallogenic belt.
ZHANG Linkui
The Cuonadong gneiss dome, a newly discovered dome in the North Himalaya Gneiss Domes (NHGD) belt, iscomposedofthreeparts: core, mantle, andouterlayer. Theyarecomposedof Cambrian granitic gneiss, Early Paleozoic mica schist and skarn marble, and metamorphic sedimentary rocks, respectively, andleucogranitesandscores ofpegmatite veinsintrudeintothecore ofthe Cuonadong gneiss domeatalater stage. The Xianglin Be-Sn polymetallic ore depositislocatedin the northern Cuonadong gneiss dome. Anumber of north-south and east-north extensionalfaults are developedinthe mining area. The Be-Sn polymetallic orebodies were newly discovered through systematic surface exploration engineering in the mantle layer around the core of the dome and fault fracture zones. Theanatomy ofatypical mining areain the northern Cuonadong dome shows four types of ore bodies: skarn, cassiterite-quartz vein, cassiterite-sulfide, and granite pegmatite. Skarn type ore bodies occur in skarn marble in the mantle; mineralization is dominated by Sn, Be and W; Sn ore gradeis relatively low. Cassite-quartz vein type ore bodies are controlled by NE extensional fracture; mineralization is dominatedby Sn, Beand W; oregrades are relatively high. Cassite-sulfide orebodies are controlled by the interlayers lipstructure in marble; Snore gradeis high but Beand W ore grades arelow. Mineralization in pegmatiteis mainly Be, accompanied by Rb. Verified at great borehole depth, we found the deep extension of all types of ore bodies except pegmatite is relatively stable. Based on the study of there lationship between magma and Be-Sn polymetallic mineralization, we reveal that there are two stages of mineralization in the Xianglin mining area, and the mineralization is closely related to the weakly oriented two-mica granite and muscovite granite. Based on orebody characterization we developed a ore prospecting strategy. The main targets infuture ore exploration will be cassite-sulfide and cassite-quartz vein type ores as they are relatively rich in Be, Sn and W.
ZHANG Linkui
Himalayan leucogranites are widely distributed in the North Himalayan gneiss dome (NHGD) and at the top of the Great Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) and are generally controlled by detachment faults. The ages of these pre-, syn-, and postkinematic leucogranites can be used to limit the activity of detachment structures (such as the South Tibetan Detachment System, STDS). Research on the STDS activity time in the eastern Himalayas is relatively sparse. In this study, the zircon and monazite U-Th-Pb geochronology of syn- and postkinematic leucogranites, which are affected by the STDS and NHGD, in four areas (Lhozhag, Kuju, Xiaozhan and Cuonadong) in Shannan City, Tibet, China, was measured. The results show that the oldest synkinematic two-mica granite from Lhozhag, which is affected by the STDS, is 24 -25 Ma, so the time of STDS activity is at or slightly earlier than 25 Ma. The youngest synkinematic leucogranite is the garnet-bearing muscovite granite in Cuonadong at 18.4 Ma. The oldest undeformed postkinematic leucogranite (not affected by the STDS) is the muscovite granite in Xiaozhan at 17.4 Ma. Therefore, the end of STDS activity can be limited to 18.4-17.4 Ma. The STDS includes three forms: detachment fault in the NHGD (northern extension of the STDS), the inner STDS between the GHC and Tethyan Himalayan Sequence, and the outer STDS at the bottoms of synformal klippes. In this paper, the active time limits of the above three kinds of detachment zones are comprehensively summarized. Based on this work, the northward extension (ductile deformation) time of the STDS in the region is considered to be 28-17 Ma. The exhumation of the GHC is mainly controlled by in-sequence shearing. First, the South Tibet Thrust system (predecessor of the STDS) at the top of the GHC thrust southward at 45-28 Ma; then, the High Himalayan Discontinuity fault in the middle of the GHC forms south-vergent ductile thrusts at 28-17 Ma; finally, the Main Central Thrust at the bottom of the GHC thrust southward at 17-9 Ma.
ZHANG Linkui
In this study, the zircon and monazite U–Th–Pb geochronology of synkinematic and postkinematic leucogranites, which are affected by the STDS and NHGD, in four areas (Lhozhag, Kuju, Xiaozhan, and Cuonadong) in Shannan City, Tibet, China, was measured. The results show that the oldest synkinematic two-mica granite from Lhozhag, which is affected by the STDS, is 24–25 Ma, so the time of STDS activity is at or slightly earlier than 25 Ma. The youngest synkinematic leucogranite is the garnet-bearing muscovite granite in Cuonadong at 18.4 Ma. The oldest undeformed postkinematic leucogranite (not affected by the STDS) is the muscovite granite in Xiaozhan at 17.4 Ma. Therefore, the end of STDS activity can be limited to 18.4–17.4 Ma. The STDS includes three forms: detachment fault in the NHGD (northern extension of the STDS), the inner STDS between the GHC and Tethyan Himalayan Sequence, and the outer STDS at the bottoms of synformal klippes.
ZHANG Linkui
Twenty-two apatite fission-track datasets are gained from basement rock samples from the Hei Shan-Kuantan Shan region in North Qilian. These results have been obtained by LA-ICP-MS-based fission-track analyses, with age errors less than 20%. The apatite fission track ages range 22.3±2.6 to 175±18Ma, with mean track lengths ranging 11.17±2.26 to 13.63±1.93μm. Thermal history modeling shows that the Hei Shan-Kuantan Shan has undergone five episodes of exhumation-related cooling events, in the early Jurassic, early Cretaceous and late Cretaceous, during/since the Eocene and since the middle Miocene. The exhumation events prior to the Cenozoic are attributed to far-field responses of successive assembly of blocks along the southern margin of the Eurasian continent. The Eocene exhumation is speculated to represent an immediate response to the initial Indian-Eurasian collision. The exhumation since the middle Miocene is related to rapid uplift of the North Qilian and growth of the Tibetan Plateau. Eight detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology datasets are gained from Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary samples from the Hongliuxia section north of the North Qilian. These results have been obtained by LA-ICP-MS analysis, with age errors less than 10%. These results, combined with zircon U-Pb age spectra of potential source regions in the North Qilian to the south and Bei Shan-Hei Shan-Kuantan Shan to the north, suggest a shift of provenance in the north for the Huoshaogou and Baiyanghe Formation sediments to in the south for the Shulehe Formation deposits. These results indicate rapid uplift of North Qilian and growth of the Tibetan Plateau since the middle Miocene.
LIN Xiubin
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