The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is known as the "Asian water tower", and its runoff, as an important and easily accessible water resource, supports the production and life of billions of people around, and supports the diversity of ecosystems. Accurately estimating the runoff of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and revealing the variation law of runoff are conducive to water resources management and disaster risk avoidance in the plateau and its surrounding areas. The glacier runoff segmentation data set covers the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 1971 to 2015, with a time resolution of year by year, covering the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (the source of the Yellow River, the source of the Yangtze River, the source of the Lancang River, the source of the Nujiang River, and the source of the Yarlung Zangbo River), and the spatial resolution is the watershed. Based on multi-source remote sensing and measured data, it is simulated using the distributed hydrological model vic-cas coupled with the glacier module, The simulation results are verified with the measured data of the station, and all the data are subject to quality control.
WANG Shijin
From September 3 to September 9, 2020, groundwater and surface water were collected in the upper reaches of Nujiang River Basin (i.e. Naqu basin in Nujiang River source area), and the samples were immediately put into 100 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles. 18O and D are analyzed and tested by liquid water isotope analyzer (picarro l2140-i, USA), and the stable isotope ratio is expressed by the thousand difference relative to Vienna "standard average seawater" (VSMOW). δ 18O and δ The analysis error of D is ± 0.1 ‰ and ± 1 ‰ respectively. It provides basic data support for subsequent analysis of groundwater source analysis in Naqu basin.
LIU Yaping , CHEN Zhenghao
Water conservation service is an important ecosystem service, which directly affects the overall level of regional water resources and has an important impact on regional ecosystem, agriculture, industry, human consumption, hydropower, fishery and recreational activities. It is of great significance to maintain ecosystem stability and improve human well-being. Aiming at the production of water conservation products, based on the principle of water balance, coupled with the data of rainfall, evapotranspiration, solar radiation, temperature and vegetation type, the modeling of water conservation of ecosystem in national barrier area is studied. The water conservation service is calculated by the invest model based on the principle of water balance. The invest model has the advantages of less input data, large amount of export data and quantitative analysis of abstract ecosystem service functions. It is an important means of water conservation service evaluation at present. This method considers that the water conservation service is precipitation minus evapotranspiration, and the calculated indexes include annual precipitation and annual evapotranspiration. The precipitation data is based on the meteorological station data, the daily meteorological data is accumulated to the annual scale, and then interpolated to the space by ArcGIS spatial interpolation method; The calculation of evapotranspiration is realized by Zhang model. Taking multi-source data as the input variable of the invest model, the estimation of water conservation services in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau with a resolution of 1km from 2000 to 2020 is realized based on the parametric model.
WANG Xiaofeng
The dataset contains the continuous daily lake surface temperature of 160 Lakes (with an area of more than 40km2) in the Tibetan Plateau from 1978 to 2017. Firstly, an semi-physical lake model (air2water) based on energy balance was improved to realize the continuous simulation of lake surface temperature even during ice age. The impoved model was calibrated by lake surface temperature from MOD11A1 product. The correlation between the dataset and in-situ lake surface temperature of four lakes is higher than 0.9, and the root mean square errors are less than 2.5 ℃. The data set provides data support for understanding the water and heat balance , the process of aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau.
GUO Linan , WU Yanhong, ZHENG Hongxing , ZHANG Bing , WEN Mengxuan
The data is the phytoplankton data of 70 points in 26 lakes in Tibet in 2020. The sampling time is from August to September. The sampling method is the conventional phytoplankton sampling method. 1.5 liters of samples are collected, fixed by Lugo's solution, siphoned and concentrated after static precipitation, and the results are examined by inverted microscope. The data includes the density data of different phytoplankton of 77 species / genus in 10 categories, including diatom, green algae, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate, naked algae, cryptoalgae, brown algae, brown algae and CHAROPHYTA. This data is original and unprocessed. The unit is piece / L. The data can be used to characterize the composition and abundance of phytoplankton in the open water areas of these lakes, and can also be used to calculate the diversity of phytoplankton communities in these lakes.
ZHANG Min
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
This dataset is the water balance dataset in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains in the future 50 years (runoff, precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil liquid water content). It is simulated by the Geomorphology-Based Ecohydrological Model (GBEHM). The variables in the dataset include monthly runoff, monthly precipitation, monthly evapotranspiration, the monthly average 5cm soil liquid water content and the monthly average 50cm soil liquid water content. The temporal range is 2020-2070 and the spatial resolution is 1 km. The input data of the model include meteorological forcings, vegetation, soil and land use data, and the meteorological forcings are obtained from the ensemble mean of 38 CMIP6 models under SSP2-4.5 scenario. The simulation results can reflect the spatio-temporal changes of the hydrological variables in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains. The dataset can be further used for researches into the eco-hydrological processes in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains, and help provide a scientific basis for the optimal allocation of " mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands " system.
WANG Taihua, YANG Dawen
This dataset is the water balance dataset in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains in the past 40 years (runoff, precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil liquid water content). It is simulated by the Geomorphology-Based Ecohydrological Model (GBEHM). The variables in the dataset include monthly runoff, monthly precipitation, monthly evapotranspiration, the monthly average 5cm soil liquid water content and the monthly average 50cm soil liquid water content. The temporal range is 1980-2019 and the spatial resolution is 1 km. The input data of the model include meteorological forcings, vegetation, soil and land use data. The simulation results can reflect the spatio-temporal changes of the hydrological variables in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains. The dataset can be further used for researches into the eco-hydrological processes in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains, and help provide a scientific basis for the optimal allocation of " mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands " system.
WANG Taihua, YANG Dawen
1. The data content includes: year, month, day, hour, longitude, latitude, altitude, meridional (UQ) and latitudinal (VQ) components of water vapor flux; 2. Data source and processing method: GPS meteorological sounding data of voyages in the eastern Indian Ocean, and calculate water vapor flux through relative humidity, wind field, air pressure and altitude; 3. Data quality description: vertical continuous observation with 1 second vertical resolution; 4. Data application achievements and prospects: Study on the changes of water vapor transport in the tropical Indian Ocean;
LIU Zhaofei, YAO Zhijun
This data includes the image data of the second comprehensive field scientific investigation of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The image data includes the sample plot photos of the quadrats collected in the nature reserve during the scientific research, the images of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem and lake ecosystem in the nature reserve in Northwest Yunnan and Western Sichuan, the vegetation situation, wildlife habitat, and the data of animals, plants and fungi in the reserve. In addition, the image data also includes the sample collection process of the scientific research, the household survey of the scientific research team in the community survey and the image data of the interview with the local protection department. The data comes from UAV and camera shooting, which can provide evidence and reference for scientific research.
SU Xukun
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
Lake salinity is an important parameter of lake water environment, an important embodiment of water resources, and an important part of climate change research. This data is based on the measured salinity data of lakes in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The salinity is characterized by the practical salinity unit (PSU), which is converted from the specific conductivity (SPC) measured by the conductivity sensor. ArcGIS software was used to convert the measured data into space vector format. SHP format, and the measured salinity spatial distribution data file was obtained. The data can be used as the basic data of lake environment, hydrology, water ecology, water resources and other related research reference.
ZHU Liping
This dataset provides the in-situ lake water parameters of 124 closed lakes with a total lake area of 24,570 km2, occupying 53% of the total lake area of the TP.These in-situ water quality parameters include water temperature, salinity, pH,chlorophyll-a concentration, blue-green algae (BGA) concentration, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), and water clarity of Secchi Depth (SD).
ZHU Liping
This data includes the benthos data of 21 lakes around Selinco and Namco in 2019. The sampling mainly uses bottom trawl in the littoral zone and Ekman collector in the deep-water area. After integrating the materials obtained by the two ways, the relative abundance of benthos data of each lake is given. The main benthos species are Gammarus, water beetles, and chironomid larvae. However, the frequency of Gastropoda and Ostracoda is low, which may be related to the sampling sites. The data further divided different types of benthos into 21 taxa, which improved the recognition accuracy and cognitive range and would provide a reference for the assessment of aquatic animal diversity and fishery resources in plateau lakes.
TANG Hongqu
This dataset is a daily lake surface water temperature (LSWT) products of 164 lakes in Tibetan Plateau from 1978 to 2017. Firstly, we calculate the mean values of lake surface pixels based on MOD11A1 products to obtained the daily lake surface temperature series from 2000 to 2017. Secondly, we modified the air2water model to simulate the lake surface temperature continuously. The daily air temperature from meteorological stations were used as forcing data, and the lake surface temperature monitored by MOD11A1 as the model calibration and validation data. Finally, the daily lake surface temperature across Tibet Plateau from 1978 to 2017 were reconstructed. Compared with the results from remote sensing monitoring, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of all lakes are higher than 0.6 with bias ranging at ±0.55℃. The dataset is suitable to analyze the long-term changes of lake surface temperature over the past decades, which is of great significance for assessing the impacts of climate warming on the water and heat balance, water quality and lake ecosystem changes on the Tibetan Plateau.
GUO Linan, WU Yanhong, ZHENG Hongxing, ZHANG Bing , WEN Mengxuan
This data set includes the statistical data of water resources in Tibet and Qinghai. The data comes from Tibet water resources bulletin and Qinghai water resources bulletin. The statistical scale is the municipal unit scale, including Xining City, Haidong City, Haibei Prefecture, Hainan prefecture, Huangnan Prefecture, Guoluo Prefecture, Yushu prefecture and Haixi Prefecture in Qinghai Province, Lhasa, Changdu, Shannan, Shigatse, Naqu and other municipal units in Tibet Ali, Linzhi and other municipal units; Variables include annual precipitation, surface water resources, groundwater resources, repeated calculation, total water resources, per capita water resources, water production modulus, surface water supply, groundwater supply, total water supply, agricultural water consumption, industrial water consumption, domestic water consumption, ecological environment water consumption and total water consumption. The data set can be used in the fields of water resources management and ecological environment protection in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
LIU Zhaofei, YAO Zhijun
Terrestrial actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems because it links the hydrological, energy, and carbon cycles. However, accurately monitoring and understanding the spatial and temporal variability of ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains very difficult. Here, the multiyear (2000-2018) monthly ETa on the TP was estimated using the MOD16-STM model supported by datasets of soil properties, meteorological conditions, and remote sensing. The estimated ETa correlates very well with measurements from 9 flux towers, with low root mean square errors (average RMSE = 13.48 mm/month) and mean bias (average MB = 2.85 mm/month), and strong correlation coefficients (R = 0.88) and the index of agreement values (IOA = 0.92). The spatially averaged ETa of the entire TP and the eastern TP (Lon > 90°E) increased significantly, at rates of 1.34 mm/year (p < 0.05) and 2.84 mm/year (p < 0.05) from 2000 to 2018, while no pronounced trend was detected on the western TP (Lon < 90°E). The spatial distribution of ETa and its components were heterogeneous, decreasing from the southeastern to northwestern TP. ETa showed a significantly increasing trend in the eastern TP, and a significant decreasing trend throughout the year in the southwestern TP, particularly in winter and spring. Soil evaporation (Es) accounted for more than 84% of ETa and the spatial distribution of temporal trends was similar to that of ETa over the TP. The amplitudes and rates of variations in ETa were greatest in spring and summer. The multi-year averaged annual terrestrial ETa (over an area of 2444.18×103 km2) was 376.91±13.13 mm/year, equivalent to a volume of 976.52±35.7 km3/year. The average annual evapotranspirated water volume over the whole TP (including all plateau lakes, with an area of 2539.49×103 km2) was about 1028.22±37.8 km3/year. This new estimated ETa dataset is useful for investigating the hydrological impacts of land cover change and will help with better management of watershed water resources across the TP.
MA Yaoming, CHEN Xuelong,
In this study, an algorithm that combines MODIS Terra and Aqua (500 m) and the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) (4 km) is presented to provide a daily cloud-free snow-cover product (500 m), namely Terra-Aqua-IMS (TAI). The overall accuracy of the new TAI is 92.3% as compared with ground stations in all-sky conditions; this value is significantly higher than the 63.1% of the blended MODIS Terra-Aqua product and the 54.6% and 49% of the original MODIS Terra and Aqua products, respectively. Without the IMS, the daily combination of MODIS Terra-Aqua over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can only remove limited cloud contamination: 37.3% of the annual mean cloud coverage compared with the 46.6% (MODIS Terra) and 55.1% (MODIS Aqua). The resulting annual mean snow cover over the TP from the daily TAI data is 19.1%, which is similar to the 20.6% obtained from the 8-day MODIS Terra product (MOD10A2) but much larger than the 8.1% from the daily blended MODIS Terra-Aqua product due to the cloud blockage.
ZHANG Guoqing
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), the largest high-altitude and low-latitude permafrost zone in the world, has experienced rapid permafrost degradation in recent decades, and one of the most remarkable resulting characteristics is the formation of thermokarst lakes. Such lakes have attracted significant attention because of their ability to regulate carbon cycle, water, and energy fluxes. However, the distribution of thermokarst lakes in this area remains largely unknown, hindering our understanding of the response of permafrost and its carbon feedback to climate change.Based on more than 200 sentinel-2A images and combined with ArcGIS, NDWI and Google Earth Engine platform, this data set extracted the boundary of thermokarst lakes in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau through GEE automatic extraction and manual visual interpretation.In 2018, there were 121,758 thermokarst lakes in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, covering an area of 0.0004-0.5km², with a total area of 1,730.34km² respectively.The cataloging data set of Thermokarst Lakes provides basic data for water resources evaluation, permafrost degradation evaluation and thermal karst study on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
CHEN Xu, MU Cuicui, JIA Lin, LI Zhilong, FAN Chengyan, MU Mei, PENG Xiaoqing, WU Xiaodong
We comprehensively estimated water volume changes for 1132 lakes larger than 1 km2. Overall, the water mass stored in the lakes increased by 169.7±15.1 Gt (3.9±0.4 Gt yr-1) between 1976 and 2019, mainly in the Inner-TP (157.6±11.6 or 3.7±0.3 Gt yr-1). A substantial increase in mass occurred between 1995 and 2019 (214.9±12.7 Gt or 9.0±0.5 Gt yr-1), following a period of decrease (-45.2±8.2 Gt or -2.4±0.4 Gt yr-1) prior to 1995. A slowdown in the rate of water mass increase occurred between 2010 and 2015 (23.1±6.5 Gt or 4.6±1.3 Gt yr-1), followed again by a high value between 2015 and 2019 (65.7±6.7 Gt or 16.4±1.7 Gt yr-1). The increased lake-water mass occurred predominately in glacier-fed lakes (127.1±14.3 Gt) in contrast to non-glacier-fed lakes (42.6±4.9 Gt), and in endorheic lakes (161.9±14.0 Gt) against exorheic lakes (7.8±5.8 Gt) over 1976−2019.
ZHANG Guoqing
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