This section was measured in the north of the Minzhuochaka Lake in the Nagri region. We collected and studied the fusulines, conodonts and smaller foraminifers from the Strata. The conodonts are dominated by Sweetognathus and Mesogondolella species. The fusulines are dominated by Neoschwagerina, Pseudodoliolina, Mesoschubertella. The smaller foraminifers consist mainly of Pachyphloia, Langella, Palaeotextularia and Tetrataxis. From the viewpoint of conodonts, their age is Kungurian. From the viewpoint of fusulines, it suggests a Murgabian age. The coexistence of fusulines and conodonts suggests that the upper Kungurian of International Scale correspond to the Murgabian of Tethyan Scale. This has provided robust evidence to support a correct correlation between the global scale and Tethyan scale of the Permian stage. In paleobiogeography, the present of conodonts and fusulines in the section suggests that the South Qiangtang Block was in a warm-water environment during the Kungurian time. By contrast, the Kungurian faunas in the Lhasa Block are dominated by cool-water taxa without any warm-water fusulines. The discovery of both conodonts and fusulines suggest a different paleobiogeography between the Lhasa and South Qiangtang blocks during the Kungurian time.
ZHANG Yichun
The data of Cenozoic plant macrofossils on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau includes leaves, seeds and fruits. It includes Latin and Chinese names of families, genera and species, times, places of origin, morphological descriptions, discussions, specimens and references. The species names are assigned according to the original literature. For fossil records revised by later research, the revised records were chosen; The age of the origin (fossil site) is assigned according to the latest literature. The terms and description paradigm of leaf shape description are referred to the book "Leaf Structure Manual"; The length, angle, and other measurement data in the description are derived from the original literature. The fossil records of the document are sorted alphabetically by Latin initials of families and genera. The data can provide important clues for studying the coupling relationship between the environmental climate changed and the evolution of vegetation and plant diversity in the Cenozoic Qinghai Tibetan Plateau.
ZHOU Zhekun , LIU Jia , CHEN Linlin , ROBERT Spicer , LI Shufeng , HUANG Jian , ZHANG Shitao , HUANG Yongjiang , JIA Linbo , HU Jinjin , SU Tao
The establishment and improvement of the chronological framework of the Cenozoic strata within and around the Tibetan Plateau, are very essential and significant for revealing the history of the collision, uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. It's vital to enhance the understanding of the denudation and weathering patterns varying with time and space and find out the mechanism of the uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau and its relevant effects on the regional and even global environment and climate. This data set has improved or established the chronological framework of the Cenozoic strata within and around the Tibetan Plateau, based on the magnetostratigraphy and accompanied by zircon U-Pb geochronology of the volcanics/tuffs/sedimentary tuffs or detrital rocks and/or biostratigraphy. The precisely dated sedimentary sequences include a 90-m loess sequence of the Duikang section constrained as ~8.1-3.7 Ma in the Linxia basin, several fluvial and lacustrine sequences (such as the 1890-m Dayu section with a range of ~41.8-21.5 Ma in age in the Lunpola basin, the 300-m Shuanghe section dated as ~42.7-36 Ma in the Jianchuan basin, the 252-m Caijiachong section with a range of ~47-36 Ma in the Qujing basin) and a 932-m saline lacustrine sequence with gypsolyte of the Jiangcheng section in the Simao basin whose age has identified to >112-63 Ma. All relevant experiments of the above chronology results have been conducted in the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tübingen University (Germany) , University of Texas at Austin (USA). The thermal demagnetization has been implemented using a thermal demagnetization oven and measured by a cryogenic magnetometer in a magnetically shielded room. The zircon U-Pb dating has been carried out using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with an attached laser ablation system. This data set provides an important chronological foundation for the following researches on tectonic evolution, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. It has created a series of original theoretical achievements with widespread influence.
FANG Xiaomin , FANG Xiaomin, YAN Maodu, ZHANG Weilin, ZHANG Dawen
The Ediacaran to early Cambrian representing the transition of Cryptozoic to Phanerozoic is one of the most important transitional periods in the earth system evolution and a hot period for the study of the origin and evolution of metazoan. Focusing on this scientific question, massive interdisciplinary studies including palaeontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics etc. have been taken in many regions which significantly improve our understandings of this period. In the Himalaya zone, the correlative strata only have been reported and studies in a few regions in the Sub Indian Continent. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Thus, for the establishment of the chronological framework in western Himalaya, it’s necessary to do more detailed investigations and sample collections to sort out the sedimentary sequence, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of this interval in North Pakistan. During the expeditions in the Hazara Basin, we detailedly observed the lithostratigraphy and systematically collected samples for petrological, palaeontological and geochemical studies at Sikhar Mountain, Tarnawai Village, Salhad Village, Abbottabad Height, Sobangali, Neelor Village and Pindkhan Khel sections. The result of this preliminary investigation confirmed that the Hazara Basin deposited a relatively successive Ediacaran to early Cambrian strata.
PAN Bing
Ostracods from the Silurian Pulu Formation in the Yalai West II section, Nyalam (GPS coordinates: 28°24′3.52″N, 86°5′55.08″ E) and the Devonian–Carboniferous transitional interval in Xainza (GPS coordinates: 31°4′ 11″N, 88°41′08″E) are described for the first time. The methodology, known as ‘hot-acetolysis’, was used to extract ostracods from the limestones. About 1050 and 2460 specimens were obtained, including both single valves and carapaces from the Yalai west II section, Nyalam and Chaguoluoma DCB section, Xainza, respectively. In the Yalai West II section, thirty-two species belonging to 19 genera are identified and figured, and the ostracod fauna indicates an age of the late Llandovery Pridoli for the Pulu Formation. At the stratotype section of the Chaguoluoma Formation, Xainza, fifty-three ostracod species of 19 genera are identified and figured including a new species Bairdiacypris xainzaensis n. sp. The ostracod fauna in the Chaguoluoma section may represent an age close to the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary. New findings of ostracods fauna have great significance for biostratigraphy subdivision ad correlation. This dataset include identification lists from the Yalai West II and the Chaguoluoma sections.
SONG Junjun
Palaeozoic chronostratigraphic division and correlation are mainly based on biostratigraphy studies. Western Thailand was located in the Sibumasu terrane, having palaeogeographic affinity to the western Yunnan and Qiangtang terranes. Previous biostratigraphic sequences of major fossil groups have been poorly studied here. However, most of the paleontological work being conducted in western Thailand is of a reconnaissance nature. Collections and identifications of important index fossils are especially significant in improving our understating of Early Paleozoic stratigraphy in Sibumasu terrane, to correlate with Xizang and western Yunnan of China. Abundant fossil samples from the Tha Manao Formation in western Thailand (Sibumasu terrane, Dapingian Wat Mong Kratae section, GPS coordinates: 14°25′57″ N, 99°7′23″) were collected and identified in this study, including conodonts Drepanoistodus pitjanti, Erraticodon patu, Protopanderodus nogamii, and cephalopods Wutinoceras sp., Armenoceras sp., Wadema sp.. This collection suggests the Tha Manao Formation an age of upper Floian to middle Darriwilian of Middle Ordovician.
CHEN Zhongyang, LI Wenjie , LI Chao , FANG Xiang
Paleozoic carbonate sequences are well developed along the road from the Leiwuqi County to the Jiangda County, Changdu, eastern Tibet. Preliminary Devonian-Carboniferous biostratigraphy studies based on macro-fauna (e.g. brachiopods and corals) have been conducted by previous researchers, but high-resolution subdivision and correlation is still lacking in study area. For example, Upper Devonian Zhuogedong Formation and Lower Carboniferous Wuqingna Formation exists near Tuoba and Wuqingna village. Abundant conodonts, rock and geochemical samples from the Nuoma section in Tuoba, Karuo District, Changdu have been collected, which was assigned to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval by geological survey. Our studies would provide precise biostratigraphic correlation in this area and have important significance for redefinition of the DCB GSSP. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column and outcrop photo of the Nuoma section in Changdu (GPS coordinates: 97°49’53.06’’ E, 31°27’2.94’’ N). According to the conodont data, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is tentatively placed within the interval between 141 m to 188 m in this section.
WANG Qiulai
Paleozoic strata are well developed in the western Thailand area, but the detailed palaeontological research is still lacking for the Ordovician in study area. Abundant conodonts and cephalopod samples from the Tha Manao Formation in western Thailand (Sibumasu terrane, Dapingian Wat Mong Kratae section, GPS coordinates: 14°25′57″ N, 99°7′23″) were collected and identified in this study, constraining the age of Dapingian, and correlating to the Hunghuayuan Formation of South China. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column of the Tha Manao Formation section and outcrop photos in the western Thailand.
CHEN Zhongyang, LI Wenjie , LI Chao , FANG Xiang
This data is the relevant data of biogeochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of Qaidam Basin. This set of data is mainly based on the research means of paleontology, sedimentary strata and biogeochemistry of typical sections to explore the sedimentary, climatic and biological response of Qaidam basin to the uplift of Qinghai Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic. The data of paleontological isotope and oxygen isotope of the Dachaigou basin are the main biomarkers for the study of Paleontology in the Dachaigou basin. The preliminary research processing results show that the data quality is high
YUAN Feng
The fossil records of large amphicyonids in Asia are rare and fragmentary, and their evolution and dispersal are also unclear. Here we present new dental material from Laogou, Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, belonging to the Hujialiang Formation, Middle Miocene. The new material is very similar to Amphicyon zhanxiangi from the Dingjia’ergou fauna of the Zhang’enbao Formation, Tongxin, Ningxia, and can be referred to this species. It is younger than the Tongxin material and differs from the latter by having better-distinguished cusps in upper molars, supporting this species is probably the ancestor to the omnivorous Arctamphicyon found in the Siwaliks, Yuanmou, and the Lower Irrawaddy. This lineage might immigrate to southern and southeastern Asia by the Late Miocene, and adapted to an increasing omnivorous diet due to more available plant material in tropical and subtropical regions.
QIGAO Jiangzuo
The Late Paleozoic carbonate strata are well developed from Lewuqi County to Jiangda County in the Changdu area, eastern Xizang. The previous biostratigraphic studies based on macro-fossils (e.g. brachiopod and coral) are not sufficient for high resolution correlation. The seemingly continuous strata at Tuoba and Wuqingna have been divided as Zhuogedong Formation (or Qiangge Formation) of Late Devonian and Wuqingna Formation of Early Carboniferous mainly by lithology. We made detailed sampling for conodont, sedimentary and geochemical research at the outcrops between Tuoba and Wuqingna near Nuoma Village which according to the unpublished data belong to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval. This study is significant for high resolution correlation of Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous in this region and the global stratotype study. The dataset only includes the stratigraphic column and photo of the section. The bio-chronological information will be added in the future.
WANG Qiulai
The Qaidam Basin is a key area for understanding the paleoenvironmental and faunal history of the Tibetan Plateau. The fossil schizothoracine fish, Hsianwenia wui, evolved extraordinarily thickened bones to adapt to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin during the Pliocene. However, the nature of the bone thickening itself remains elusive. To promote the further investigation of the physiological mechanism of the pachyostosis and the phylogenetic interrelationships of Hsianwenia and all relevant cyprinids, here we present a comprehensive morphological study of Hsianwenia. We have new information on the anterior part of the cranial cavity, a large supraneural 3 in the Weberian apparatus, numerous procurrent caudal fin rays supported by the preural centrum (Pu) 5, and a neural arch on Pu2. We also find the differentiated pattern of the bone-thickening: the pachyostosis exists in the endoskeleton but not in the dermal skeleton; it is more obvious in ventral bones than in dorsal ones, when the thickening is present in the dorsally and ventrally grouped endoskeletal bones (e.g., the epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones). Considering the integrity of musculoskeletal system manipulating the chewing activities, we suspect that the thickened pharyngeal jaws and the hard food processing might be associated with the unique hind protrusion (cleithral “humeral” process) of the dermal pectoral girdle of Hsianwenia.
WU Feixiang
In March of 2019, scientists from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS and Comsats University Islambad in Pakistan have a joint research in the stratigraphy in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The research goal is to reveal the Late Permian strata and faunas in the northern Tethys Himalaya region and their relationships with that of Southern Tibet. The investigated sections were done by rulers in the fieldwork and the foraminifer samples were sampled in high resolution. Totally, two sections were measured in the Zaluch Nala region, respectively Zluch Nala A and B sections. The foraminifers were cut and made into thin sections in the laboratory. All the foraminifers were identified in the microscope and form this dataset. The dataset contains the identification lists of fusulines and smaller foraminifers from the Zaluch A and B sections in Salt Range of Pakistan. The Permian strata in this region is well outcropped. It contains Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations in ascending orders in the Zaluch Nala valley. The Amb Formation is dominated by calcareous limestone with only one fusuline Monodiexodina kattaensis. Its age is Middle Permian based on the fusuline. The Wargal Formation is dominated by middle and thin bedded limestone in the lower and nodular limestone in the upper. The Chhidru Formation is dominated by limestone and sandstone beds. The fusulines in the Wargal and Chhidru formations consists of Codonofusiella, Nankinella, Nanlingella and Reichelina with low diversity. The smaller foraminifers are dominated by Colaniella, Climacammina and Multidiscus. Those fusulines indicates a Late Permian age for the middle and upper part of the Wargal Formation and Chhidru Formation. The Salt Range region was located at northern margin of Gondwana during the Late Permian. So, in paleobiogeography, the diversity of foraminifers in the Middle and Late Permian strata in the Salt Range is lower that those in the Lhasa Block and exotic limestone blocks within the Yarlung Tsangpo Suture Zone in Tibet. But it is apparently greater that those in the Selong and Qubu regions in southern Tibet because the latter two regions is dominated purely by cold-water faunas without fusulines.
ZHANG Yichun
In March of 2019, scientists from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS and Comsats University Islambad in Pakistan have a joint research in the stratigraphy in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The research goal is to reveal the Late Permian strata and faunas in the northern Tethys Himalaya region and their relationships with that of Southern Tibet. The investigated sections were done by rulers in the fieldwork and the foraminifer samples were sampled in high resolution. Totally, two sections were measured in the Zaluch Nala region, respectively Zluch Nala A and B sections. Both sections are located at the northeast of Mianwali city in Salt Range, Pakistan. This section contains the strata of the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations. In the Zaluch Nala A section, the strata are composed of the upper part of the Wargal Formation (Kalabagh member) and the Chhidru Formation. The Zaluch Nala B section is structurally below the A section. The topmost part of the Zaluch Nala B section may probably correlate with the basal part of the Zaluch Nala A section. The Zaluch Nala B section is composed of lower part of the Wargal Formation and the Amb Formation. The Amb Formation is dominated by calcareous limestone. The only fusuline species Monodiexodina kattaensis indicates a Middle Permian age for this formation. The lower part of the Wargal Formation is dominated by middle and thin bedded limestone. The species of Pseudocolaniella occurs in the lower part of the Wargal Formation indicates a Late Permian age. The upper part of the Wargal Formation (in the A section) is dominated by nodular limestone, namely the Kalabagh member. The overlying Chhidru Formation is dominated by limestone and sandstone beds. The foraminifers from these formations consist of Reichelina, Codonofusiella and Reichelina. They suggest also a Late Permian age.
ZHANG Yichun
Southern Xizang represents a most important part of the Neo-Tethys. Neo-Tethyan deposits in this region can be divided into two types in general: a deep water oceanic represented by the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and the other shallow marine one in the south of the suture. The main history of the Neo-Tethys is seen in the Triassic to Paleogene sequence, which destines the work of building a complete sedimentary sequence of the Neo-Tethys a basic goal of this scientific expedition. This dataset packages all the fossiliferous profiles that have been explored in the field by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic expedition group of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and Tethys Himalayan Triassic to Paleogene in southern Xizang. There are 12 column profiles, compiled in an order of age from old to young.
LI Jianguo, LI Xianghui, LUO Hui, WANG Bo, LI Xin
Southern Xizang represnts a most important part of the Neo-Tethys. Neo-Tethyan deposits in this region can be divided into two types in general: a deep water oceanic represented by the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and the other shallow marine one in the south of the suture. The main history of the Neo-Tethys is seen in the Triassic to Paleogene sequence, which destines the work of building a complete sedimentary sequence of the Neo-Tethys a basic goal of this scientific expedition. This dataset lists all the fossils that have been collected or obtained in laboratory by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic expedition group of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and Tethys Himalayan Triassic to Paleogene sequences in southern Xizang. The list includes 12 sections, compiled in an order of age from old to young.
LI Jianguo, LUO Hui, WANG Bo, LI Xin
The Qaidam Basin is located in the northern margin of Qinghai Tibet Plateau. It is one of the most representative sedimentary basins in Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Tertiary red sandstones, Jurassic coal stara and Cretaceous conglomerates are developed in the basin, The paleoclimate, paleogeography and paleotectonic information recorded in the study are of great significance to the study of the uplift and evolution of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The field stratigraphic investigation of Qaidam Basin is not only beneficial to the reconstruction of paleoclimate, paleogeography and paleostructure of Mesozoic terrestrial system, but also to the exploration, development and utilization of coal, oil and gas resources in Qinghai Tibet region. It is also beneficial to the scientific investigation of Qinghai Tibet region and is expected to contribute to the major national development strategy Make a contribution. This field exploration and sampling were finished in multiple sections in the Qaidam Basin, and details of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in these sections and field photos were provided. All data are from our field measurements.
WANG Bo
The Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and its neighbouring areas are key to the research of the evolution of Neo-Tethys. The sedimentary sequence as evidence of the evolution of Neo-Tethys remains unclear in many areas, particularly in the western and northern Xizang. The limits in stratigraphy and sedimentology have greatly restricted the investigation of the evolution of Neo-Tethys as well as the collision between Indian-Eurasian plates. This exploration team conducted a joint investigation on the Mesozoic strata in this area, with emphasis on their stratigraphy, palaeontology, and sedimentology, to retrieve potential stratigraphic and sedimentary evidence of the opening, evolution, and retreat of the Neo-Tethys. This dataset records the work of the expedition team in Xigaze, Ngari and Nagqu of Xizang. It consists of four parts, each part includes diaries and photos of the strata, geological structure, profiles, and fossils that have been collected by a special expedition group. The explored strata encompass the Cretaceous and Paleogene and the radiolarite strata in the above mentioned areas.
LI Jianguo, LUO Hui, HUANG Diying, LI Xin
The Ediacaran to early Cambrian representing the transition of Cryptozoic to Phanerozoic is one of the most important transitional periods in the earth system evolution and a hot period for the study of the origin and evolution of metazoan. Focusing on this scientific question, massive interdisciplinary studies including palaeontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics etc. have been taken in many regions which significantly improve our understandings of this period. In the Himalaya zone, the correlative strata only have been reported and studies in a few regions in the Sub Indian Continent. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Thus, for the establishment of the chronological framework in western Himalaya, it’s necessary to do more detailed investigations and sample collections to sort out the sedimentary sequence, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of this interval in North Pakistan. During the expeditions in the Hazara Basin, we detailedly observed the lithostratigraphy and systematically collected samples for petrological, palaeontological and geochemical studies at Sikhar Mountain, Tarnawai Village, Salhad Village, Abbottabad Height, Sobangali, Neelor Village and Pindkhan Khel sections. The result of this preliminary investigation confirmed that the Hazara Basin deposited a relatively successive Ediacaran to early Cambrian strata.
PAN Bing
The Ediacaran to early Cambrian representing the transition of Cryptozoic to Phanerozoic is one of the most important transitional periods in the earth system evolution and a hot period for the study of the origin and evolution of metazoan. Focusing on this scientific question, massive interdisciplinary studies including palaeontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics etc. have been taken in many regions which significantly improve our understandings of this period. In the Himalaya zone, the correlative strata only have been reported and studies in a few regions in the Sub Indian Continent. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Thus, for the establishment of the chronological framework in western Himalaya, it’s necessary to do more detailed investigations and sample collections to sort out the sedimentary sequence, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of this interval in North Pakistan. During the expeditions in the Hazara Basin divided into eastern (Abbottabad block) and western (Tanawal Block) segments across Panjal-Khairabad Thrust (PKT or MCT), we detailedly observed the lithostratigraphy and systematically collected samples for petrological, palaeontological and geochemical studies at the sections in both eastern (Sikhar Mountain, Tarnawai Village, Tanakki, Abbottabad Height and Sobangali sections) and western (Neelor Village and Pindkhan Khel sections) Hazara Basin. Basing on the lab analysis, we have detailed correlated and sorted the lithostratigraphic sequences of each section, and completed a correlative lithostratigraphic columns of the sections. In general, the lithology of these sections in eastern and western Hazara Basin are comparable and consist of the Hazara Formation (Eastern Harara Basin) and Tanawa Formation (Western Harara Basin), Ediacaran Tanakki Diamictite, Cap-Carbonate, Kakul Formation (siliciclastics) and Abbottabad Formation (dolostone)、Cambrian Hazira Formation (phosphorite, dolostone and siliciclastics ) and Jurassic Samana Suk (bioclastic limestone) in ascending order. The Tanakki Diamictite disconformably overlies the underlying Hazara Formation (Eastern Harara Basin) and Tanawa Formation (Western Harara Basin); the Abbottabad Formation both disconformably contacts with the under Kakul Formation and upper Hazira Formation; the Jurassic Samana Suk directly unconformably overlies the Cambrian Hazira Formation. For now, the Ediacaran Cap-carbonate has only been observed at the Pindkhand Khel section in the western Hazara Basin which is reported in the Lesser Himalaya for the first time. Thus, it is possible to induce the underlying Tanakki Diamictite is belong to Ediacaran in age. However, the exact Cambrian Hazira Formation bearing abundant small shelly fossils has only been confirmed at Tarnawai Village and Tanakki sections in eastern Harara Basin.
PAN Bing
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