This section was measured in the north of the Minzhuochaka Lake in the Nagri region. We collected and studied the fusulines, conodonts and smaller foraminifers from the Strata. The conodonts are dominated by Sweetognathus and Mesogondolella species. The fusulines are dominated by Neoschwagerina, Pseudodoliolina, Mesoschubertella. The smaller foraminifers consist mainly of Pachyphloia, Langella, Palaeotextularia and Tetrataxis. From the viewpoint of conodonts, their age is Kungurian. From the viewpoint of fusulines, it suggests a Murgabian age. The coexistence of fusulines and conodonts suggests that the upper Kungurian of International Scale correspond to the Murgabian of Tethyan Scale. This has provided robust evidence to support a correct correlation between the global scale and Tethyan scale of the Permian stage. In paleobiogeography, the present of conodonts and fusulines in the section suggests that the South Qiangtang Block was in a warm-water environment during the Kungurian time. By contrast, the Kungurian faunas in the Lhasa Block are dominated by cool-water taxa without any warm-water fusulines. The discovery of both conodonts and fusulines suggest a different paleobiogeography between the Lhasa and South Qiangtang blocks during the Kungurian time.
ZHANG Yichun
The data of Cenozoic plant macrofossils on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau includes leaves, seeds and fruits. It includes Latin and Chinese names of families, genera and species, times, places of origin, morphological descriptions, discussions, specimens and references. The species names are assigned according to the original literature. For fossil records revised by later research, the revised records were chosen; The age of the origin (fossil site) is assigned according to the latest literature. The terms and description paradigm of leaf shape description are referred to the book "Leaf Structure Manual"; The length, angle, and other measurement data in the description are derived from the original literature. The fossil records of the document are sorted alphabetically by Latin initials of families and genera. The data can provide important clues for studying the coupling relationship between the environmental climate changed and the evolution of vegetation and plant diversity in the Cenozoic Qinghai Tibetan Plateau.
ZHOU Zhekun , LIU Jia , CHEN Linlin , ROBERT Spicer , LI Shufeng , HUANG Jian , ZHANG Shitao , HUANG Yongjiang , JIA Linbo , HU Jinjin , SU Tao
The establishment and improvement of the chronological framework of the Cenozoic strata within and around the Tibetan Plateau, are very essential and significant for revealing the history of the collision, uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. It's vital to enhance the understanding of the denudation and weathering patterns varying with time and space and find out the mechanism of the uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau and its relevant effects on the regional and even global environment and climate. This data set has improved or established the chronological framework of the Cenozoic strata within and around the Tibetan Plateau, based on the magnetostratigraphy and accompanied by zircon U-Pb geochronology of the volcanics/tuffs/sedimentary tuffs or detrital rocks and/or biostratigraphy. The precisely dated sedimentary sequences include a 90-m loess sequence of the Duikang section constrained as ~8.1-3.7 Ma in the Linxia basin, several fluvial and lacustrine sequences (such as the 1890-m Dayu section with a range of ~41.8-21.5 Ma in age in the Lunpola basin, the 300-m Shuanghe section dated as ~42.7-36 Ma in the Jianchuan basin, the 252-m Caijiachong section with a range of ~47-36 Ma in the Qujing basin) and a 932-m saline lacustrine sequence with gypsolyte of the Jiangcheng section in the Simao basin whose age has identified to >112-63 Ma. All relevant experiments of the above chronology results have been conducted in the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tübingen University (Germany) , University of Texas at Austin (USA). The thermal demagnetization has been implemented using a thermal demagnetization oven and measured by a cryogenic magnetometer in a magnetically shielded room. The zircon U-Pb dating has been carried out using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with an attached laser ablation system. This data set provides an important chronological foundation for the following researches on tectonic evolution, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. It has created a series of original theoretical achievements with widespread influence.
FANG Xiaomin , FANG Xiaomin, YAN Maodu, ZHANG Weilin, ZHANG Dawen
The Ediacaran to early Cambrian representing the transition of Cryptozoic to Phanerozoic is one of the most important transitional periods in the earth system evolution and a hot period for the study of the origin and evolution of metazoan. Focusing on this scientific question, massive interdisciplinary studies including palaeontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics etc. have been taken in many regions which significantly improve our understandings of this period. In the Himalaya zone, the correlative strata only have been reported and studies in a few regions in the Sub Indian Continent. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Thus, for the establishment of the chronological framework in western Himalaya, it’s necessary to do more detailed investigations and sample collections to sort out the sedimentary sequence, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of this interval in North Pakistan. During the expeditions in the Hazara Basin, we detailedly observed the lithostratigraphy and systematically collected samples for petrological, palaeontological and geochemical studies at Sikhar Mountain, Tarnawai Village, Salhad Village, Abbottabad Height, Sobangali, Neelor Village and Pindkhan Khel sections. The result of this preliminary investigation confirmed that the Hazara Basin deposited a relatively successive Ediacaran to early Cambrian strata.
PAN Bing
Ostracods from the Silurian Pulu Formation in the Yalai West II section, Nyalam (GPS coordinates: 28°24′3.52″N, 86°5′55.08″ E) and the Devonian–Carboniferous transitional interval in Xainza (GPS coordinates: 31°4′ 11″N, 88°41′08″E) are described for the first time. The methodology, known as ‘hot-acetolysis’, was used to extract ostracods from the limestones. About 1050 and 2460 specimens were obtained, including both single valves and carapaces from the Yalai west II section, Nyalam and Chaguoluoma DCB section, Xainza, respectively. In the Yalai West II section, thirty-two species belonging to 19 genera are identified and figured, and the ostracod fauna indicates an age of the late Llandovery Pridoli for the Pulu Formation. At the stratotype section of the Chaguoluoma Formation, Xainza, fifty-three ostracod species of 19 genera are identified and figured including a new species Bairdiacypris xainzaensis n. sp. The ostracod fauna in the Chaguoluoma section may represent an age close to the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary. New findings of ostracods fauna have great significance for biostratigraphy subdivision ad correlation. This dataset include identification lists from the Yalai West II and the Chaguoluoma sections.
SONG Junjun
Palaeozoic chronostratigraphic division and correlation are mainly based on biostratigraphy studies. Western Thailand was located in the Sibumasu terrane, having palaeogeographic affinity to the western Yunnan and Qiangtang terranes. Previous biostratigraphic sequences of major fossil groups have been poorly studied here. However, most of the paleontological work being conducted in western Thailand is of a reconnaissance nature. Collections and identifications of important index fossils are especially significant in improving our understating of Early Paleozoic stratigraphy in Sibumasu terrane, to correlate with Xizang and western Yunnan of China. Abundant fossil samples from the Tha Manao Formation in western Thailand (Sibumasu terrane, Dapingian Wat Mong Kratae section, GPS coordinates: 14°25′57″ N, 99°7′23″) were collected and identified in this study, including conodonts Drepanoistodus pitjanti, Erraticodon patu, Protopanderodus nogamii, and cephalopods Wutinoceras sp., Armenoceras sp., Wadema sp.. This collection suggests the Tha Manao Formation an age of upper Floian to middle Darriwilian of Middle Ordovician.
CHEN Zhongyang, LI Wenjie , LI Chao , FANG Xiang
Paleozoic carbonate sequences are well developed along the road from the Leiwuqi County to the Jiangda County, Changdu, eastern Tibet. Preliminary Devonian-Carboniferous biostratigraphy studies based on macro-fauna (e.g. brachiopods and corals) have been conducted by previous researchers, but high-resolution subdivision and correlation is still lacking in study area. For example, Upper Devonian Zhuogedong Formation and Lower Carboniferous Wuqingna Formation exists near Tuoba and Wuqingna village. Abundant conodonts, rock and geochemical samples from the Nuoma section in Tuoba, Karuo District, Changdu have been collected, which was assigned to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval by geological survey. Our studies would provide precise biostratigraphic correlation in this area and have important significance for redefinition of the DCB GSSP. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column and outcrop photo of the Nuoma section in Changdu (GPS coordinates: 97°49’53.06’’ E, 31°27’2.94’’ N). According to the conodont data, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is tentatively placed within the interval between 141 m to 188 m in this section.
WANG Qiulai
Paleozoic strata are well developed in the western Thailand area, but the detailed palaeontological research is still lacking for the Ordovician in study area. Abundant conodonts and cephalopod samples from the Tha Manao Formation in western Thailand (Sibumasu terrane, Dapingian Wat Mong Kratae section, GPS coordinates: 14°25′57″ N, 99°7′23″) were collected and identified in this study, constraining the age of Dapingian, and correlating to the Hunghuayuan Formation of South China. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column of the Tha Manao Formation section and outcrop photos in the western Thailand.
CHEN Zhongyang, LI Wenjie , LI Chao , FANG Xiang
This data is the relevant data of biogeochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry of Qaidam Basin. This set of data is mainly based on the research means of paleontology, sedimentary strata and biogeochemistry of typical sections to explore the sedimentary, climatic and biological response of Qaidam basin to the uplift of Qinghai Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic. The data of paleontological isotope and oxygen isotope of the Dachaigou basin are the main biomarkers for the study of Paleontology in the Dachaigou basin. The preliminary research processing results show that the data quality is high
YUAN Feng
The fossil records of large amphicyonids in Asia are rare and fragmentary, and their evolution and dispersal are also unclear. Here we present new dental material from Laogou, Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, belonging to the Hujialiang Formation, Middle Miocene. The new material is very similar to Amphicyon zhanxiangi from the Dingjia’ergou fauna of the Zhang’enbao Formation, Tongxin, Ningxia, and can be referred to this species. It is younger than the Tongxin material and differs from the latter by having better-distinguished cusps in upper molars, supporting this species is probably the ancestor to the omnivorous Arctamphicyon found in the Siwaliks, Yuanmou, and the Lower Irrawaddy. This lineage might immigrate to southern and southeastern Asia by the Late Miocene, and adapted to an increasing omnivorous diet due to more available plant material in tropical and subtropical regions.
QIGAO Jiangzuo
The Late Paleozoic carbonate strata are well developed from Lewuqi County to Jiangda County in the Changdu area, eastern Xizang. The previous biostratigraphic studies based on macro-fossils (e.g. brachiopod and coral) are not sufficient for high resolution correlation. The seemingly continuous strata at Tuoba and Wuqingna have been divided as Zhuogedong Formation (or Qiangge Formation) of Late Devonian and Wuqingna Formation of Early Carboniferous mainly by lithology. We made detailed sampling for conodont, sedimentary and geochemical research at the outcrops between Tuoba and Wuqingna near Nuoma Village which according to the unpublished data belong to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval. This study is significant for high resolution correlation of Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous in this region and the global stratotype study. The dataset only includes the stratigraphic column and photo of the section. The bio-chronological information will be added in the future.
WANG Qiulai
The Qaidam Basin is a key area for understanding the paleoenvironmental and faunal history of the Tibetan Plateau. The fossil schizothoracine fish, Hsianwenia wui, evolved extraordinarily thickened bones to adapt to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin during the Pliocene. However, the nature of the bone thickening itself remains elusive. To promote the further investigation of the physiological mechanism of the pachyostosis and the phylogenetic interrelationships of Hsianwenia and all relevant cyprinids, here we present a comprehensive morphological study of Hsianwenia. We have new information on the anterior part of the cranial cavity, a large supraneural 3 in the Weberian apparatus, numerous procurrent caudal fin rays supported by the preural centrum (Pu) 5, and a neural arch on Pu2. We also find the differentiated pattern of the bone-thickening: the pachyostosis exists in the endoskeleton but not in the dermal skeleton; it is more obvious in ventral bones than in dorsal ones, when the thickening is present in the dorsally and ventrally grouped endoskeletal bones (e.g., the epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones). Considering the integrity of musculoskeletal system manipulating the chewing activities, we suspect that the thickened pharyngeal jaws and the hard food processing might be associated with the unique hind protrusion (cleithral “humeral” process) of the dermal pectoral girdle of Hsianwenia.
WU Feixiang
In March of 2019, scientists from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS and Comsats University Islambad in Pakistan have a joint research in the stratigraphy in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The research goal is to reveal the Late Permian strata and faunas in the northern Tethys Himalaya region and their relationships with that of Southern Tibet. The investigated sections were done by rulers in the fieldwork and the foraminifer samples were sampled in high resolution. Totally, two sections were measured in the Zaluch Nala region, respectively Zluch Nala A and B sections. The foraminifers were cut and made into thin sections in the laboratory. All the foraminifers were identified in the microscope and form this dataset. The dataset contains the identification lists of fusulines and smaller foraminifers from the Zaluch A and B sections in Salt Range of Pakistan. The Permian strata in this region is well outcropped. It contains Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations in ascending orders in the Zaluch Nala valley. The Amb Formation is dominated by calcareous limestone with only one fusuline Monodiexodina kattaensis. Its age is Middle Permian based on the fusuline. The Wargal Formation is dominated by middle and thin bedded limestone in the lower and nodular limestone in the upper. The Chhidru Formation is dominated by limestone and sandstone beds. The fusulines in the Wargal and Chhidru formations consists of Codonofusiella, Nankinella, Nanlingella and Reichelina with low diversity. The smaller foraminifers are dominated by Colaniella, Climacammina and Multidiscus. Those fusulines indicates a Late Permian age for the middle and upper part of the Wargal Formation and Chhidru Formation. The Salt Range region was located at northern margin of Gondwana during the Late Permian. So, in paleobiogeography, the diversity of foraminifers in the Middle and Late Permian strata in the Salt Range is lower that those in the Lhasa Block and exotic limestone blocks within the Yarlung Tsangpo Suture Zone in Tibet. But it is apparently greater that those in the Selong and Qubu regions in southern Tibet because the latter two regions is dominated purely by cold-water faunas without fusulines.
ZHANG Yichun
In March of 2019, scientists from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS and Comsats University Islambad in Pakistan have a joint research in the stratigraphy in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The research goal is to reveal the Late Permian strata and faunas in the northern Tethys Himalaya region and their relationships with that of Southern Tibet. The investigated sections were done by rulers in the fieldwork and the foraminifer samples were sampled in high resolution. Totally, two sections were measured in the Zaluch Nala region, respectively Zluch Nala A and B sections. Both sections are located at the northeast of Mianwali city in Salt Range, Pakistan. This section contains the strata of the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations. In the Zaluch Nala A section, the strata are composed of the upper part of the Wargal Formation (Kalabagh member) and the Chhidru Formation. The Zaluch Nala B section is structurally below the A section. The topmost part of the Zaluch Nala B section may probably correlate with the basal part of the Zaluch Nala A section. The Zaluch Nala B section is composed of lower part of the Wargal Formation and the Amb Formation. The Amb Formation is dominated by calcareous limestone. The only fusuline species Monodiexodina kattaensis indicates a Middle Permian age for this formation. The lower part of the Wargal Formation is dominated by middle and thin bedded limestone. The species of Pseudocolaniella occurs in the lower part of the Wargal Formation indicates a Late Permian age. The upper part of the Wargal Formation (in the A section) is dominated by nodular limestone, namely the Kalabagh member. The overlying Chhidru Formation is dominated by limestone and sandstone beds. The foraminifers from these formations consist of Reichelina, Codonofusiella and Reichelina. They suggest also a Late Permian age.
ZHANG Yichun
Southern Xizang represents a most important part of the Neo-Tethys. Neo-Tethyan deposits in this region can be divided into two types in general: a deep water oceanic represented by the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and the other shallow marine one in the south of the suture. The main history of the Neo-Tethys is seen in the Triassic to Paleogene sequence, which destines the work of building a complete sedimentary sequence of the Neo-Tethys a basic goal of this scientific expedition. This dataset packages all the fossiliferous profiles that have been explored in the field by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic expedition group of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and Tethys Himalayan Triassic to Paleogene in southern Xizang. There are 12 column profiles, compiled in an order of age from old to young.
LI Jianguo, LI Xianghui, LUO Hui, WANG Bo, LI Xin
Southern Xizang represnts a most important part of the Neo-Tethys. Neo-Tethyan deposits in this region can be divided into two types in general: a deep water oceanic represented by the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and the other shallow marine one in the south of the suture. The main history of the Neo-Tethys is seen in the Triassic to Paleogene sequence, which destines the work of building a complete sedimentary sequence of the Neo-Tethys a basic goal of this scientific expedition. This dataset lists all the fossils that have been collected or obtained in laboratory by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic expedition group of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and Tethys Himalayan Triassic to Paleogene sequences in southern Xizang. The list includes 12 sections, compiled in an order of age from old to young.
LI Jianguo, LUO Hui, WANG Bo, LI Xin
The Qaidam Basin is located in the northern margin of Qinghai Tibet Plateau. It is one of the most representative sedimentary basins in Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Tertiary red sandstones, Jurassic coal stara and Cretaceous conglomerates are developed in the basin, The paleoclimate, paleogeography and paleotectonic information recorded in the study are of great significance to the study of the uplift and evolution of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The field stratigraphic investigation of Qaidam Basin is not only beneficial to the reconstruction of paleoclimate, paleogeography and paleostructure of Mesozoic terrestrial system, but also to the exploration, development and utilization of coal, oil and gas resources in Qinghai Tibet region. It is also beneficial to the scientific investigation of Qinghai Tibet region and is expected to contribute to the major national development strategy Make a contribution. This field exploration and sampling were finished in multiple sections in the Qaidam Basin, and details of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in these sections and field photos were provided. All data are from our field measurements.
WANG Bo
The Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and its neighbouring areas are key to the research of the evolution of Neo-Tethys. The sedimentary sequence as evidence of the evolution of Neo-Tethys remains unclear in many areas, particularly in the western and northern Xizang. The limits in stratigraphy and sedimentology have greatly restricted the investigation of the evolution of Neo-Tethys as well as the collision between Indian-Eurasian plates. This exploration team conducted a joint investigation on the Mesozoic strata in this area, with emphasis on their stratigraphy, palaeontology, and sedimentology, to retrieve potential stratigraphic and sedimentary evidence of the opening, evolution, and retreat of the Neo-Tethys. This dataset records the work of the expedition team in Xigaze, Ngari and Nagqu of Xizang. It consists of four parts, each part includes diaries and photos of the strata, geological structure, profiles, and fossils that have been collected by a special expedition group. The explored strata encompass the Cretaceous and Paleogene and the radiolarite strata in the above mentioned areas.
LI Jianguo, LUO Hui, HUANG Diying, LI Xin
The Ediacaran to early Cambrian representing the transition of Cryptozoic to Phanerozoic is one of the most important transitional periods in the earth system evolution and a hot period for the study of the origin and evolution of metazoan. Focusing on this scientific question, massive interdisciplinary studies including palaeontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics etc. have been taken in many regions which significantly improve our understandings of this period. In the Himalaya zone, the correlative strata only have been reported and studies in a few regions in the Sub Indian Continent. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Thus, for the establishment of the chronological framework in western Himalaya, it’s necessary to do more detailed investigations and sample collections to sort out the sedimentary sequence, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of this interval in North Pakistan. During the expeditions in the Hazara Basin, we detailedly observed the lithostratigraphy and systematically collected samples for petrological, palaeontological and geochemical studies at Sikhar Mountain, Tarnawai Village, Salhad Village, Abbottabad Height, Sobangali, Neelor Village and Pindkhan Khel sections. The result of this preliminary investigation confirmed that the Hazara Basin deposited a relatively successive Ediacaran to early Cambrian strata.
PAN Bing
The Ediacaran to early Cambrian representing the transition of Cryptozoic to Phanerozoic is one of the most important transitional periods in the earth system evolution and a hot period for the study of the origin and evolution of metazoan. Focusing on this scientific question, massive interdisciplinary studies including palaeontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics etc. have been taken in many regions which significantly improve our understandings of this period. In the Himalaya zone, the correlative strata only have been reported and studies in a few regions in the Sub Indian Continent. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Thus, for the establishment of the chronological framework in western Himalaya, it’s necessary to do more detailed investigations and sample collections to sort out the sedimentary sequence, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of this interval in North Pakistan. During the expeditions in the Hazara Basin divided into eastern (Abbottabad block) and western (Tanawal Block) segments across Panjal-Khairabad Thrust (PKT or MCT), we detailedly observed the lithostratigraphy and systematically collected samples for petrological, palaeontological and geochemical studies at the sections in both eastern (Sikhar Mountain, Tarnawai Village, Tanakki, Abbottabad Height and Sobangali sections) and western (Neelor Village and Pindkhan Khel sections) Hazara Basin. Basing on the lab analysis, we have detailed correlated and sorted the lithostratigraphic sequences of each section, and completed a correlative lithostratigraphic columns of the sections. In general, the lithology of these sections in eastern and western Hazara Basin are comparable and consist of the Hazara Formation (Eastern Harara Basin) and Tanawa Formation (Western Harara Basin), Ediacaran Tanakki Diamictite, Cap-Carbonate, Kakul Formation (siliciclastics) and Abbottabad Formation (dolostone)、Cambrian Hazira Formation (phosphorite, dolostone and siliciclastics ) and Jurassic Samana Suk (bioclastic limestone) in ascending order. The Tanakki Diamictite disconformably overlies the underlying Hazara Formation (Eastern Harara Basin) and Tanawa Formation (Western Harara Basin); the Abbottabad Formation both disconformably contacts with the under Kakul Formation and upper Hazira Formation; the Jurassic Samana Suk directly unconformably overlies the Cambrian Hazira Formation. For now, the Ediacaran Cap-carbonate has only been observed at the Pindkhand Khel section in the western Hazara Basin which is reported in the Lesser Himalaya for the first time. Thus, it is possible to induce the underlying Tanakki Diamictite is belong to Ediacaran in age. However, the exact Cambrian Hazira Formation bearing abundant small shelly fossils has only been confirmed at Tarnawai Village and Tanakki sections in eastern Harara Basin.
PAN Bing
The occurrence and diversification of the skeletal fossils during the latest Ediacaran and early Cambrian (Terreneuvian) witness the significant evolutionary event, “Cambrian explosion”, in earth history. These skeletal fossils were collectively termed as “small shelly fossils (SSFs)” for their micro-size and mineralization in normal. They represent the earliest metazoan records, and are crucial for studying the origins and early evolution of many animal clades. Due to their worldwide distribution and rapid biodiversification, the SSFs have been taken as an important tool for the early Cambrian stratigraphical correlation (especially for the Terreneuvian) and paleobiogeographical reconstruction. The North Pakistan locating the western Himalaya is one of the adjoining areas of Tibet Plateau. For the lack of basic stratigraphic and palaeontological studies, it’s hard to confirm the exact age of the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian strata assigned by the previous studies. Few SSFs had been reported in the early Cambrian Hazira Formation at Salhad section in the eastern Hazara Basin, however, the studies of these fossils are quite preliminary and problematic. Therefore, it’s urgent to carry on new detailed research to clarify the genus and species of these fossils which is fundamental for the biostratigraphical studies. Herein, basing on the expedition of the Salhad section in eastern Hazara Basin, we have systematically collected and done the lab process of the fossil samples, and tentatively recognized 24 genus, 18 species and 3 unidentified species.
PAN Bing
Paleozoic strata are well developed and widely outcropped around the Xainza area of central Tibet. Among them, the Devonian succession was first introduced during the geological survey in the late 1970s, and was suggested to comprise the Middle Devonian Dardong Group (including the Lower and Upper formations) and the Upper Devonian Chaguoluoma Formation. However, high-resolution stratigraphic framework and palaeontological research are still lacking for the Lower Devonian in study area. This investigation focus on the Dardong Formation in this area, and detailed geological survey and detailed sampling were carried out in order to improve stratigraphic correlation in central Tibet. The Dardong Formation mainly consists of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments, yielding abundant fossils such as brachiopods, corals, cephalopods, conodonts, tentaculites, etc. The Xainza II section is exposed along the cliff of a mountain. The studied Dardong Formation can be divided into five lithological units in ascending order: 1) light grey to grey medium- to thick-bedded limestone with cross-bedding in the middle part, yielding fragments of brachiopods and crinoid stems; 2) grayish white thin- to medium- bedded siltstone; 3) light grey to grey thin- to medium-bedded limestone, containing colonial corals and crinoid stems; 4) grey medium- to thick-bedded limestone; 5) light grey medium-bedded limestone with fragments of crinoid stems, partially covered in the upper part. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column of the SZ2 section and outcrop photos in the Xainza area, central Tibet.
GUO Wen
Paleozoic strata are well developed and widely outcropped around the Xainza area of central Tibet. Among them, the Devonian succession was first introduced during the geological survey in the late 1970s, and was suggested to comprise the Middle Devonian Dardong Group (including the Lower and Upper formations) and the Upper Devonian Chaguoluoma Formation. However, high-resolution stratigraphic framework and palaeontological research are still lacking for the Lower Devonian in study area. This investigation focus on the Dardong Formation in this area, and detailed geological survey and detailed sampling were carried out in order to improve stratigraphic correlation in central Tibet. The Dardong Formation mainly consists of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments, yielding abundant fossils such as brachiopods, corals, cephalopods, conodonts, tentaculites, etc. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column of the SZ1 section and outcrop photos in the Xainza area, central Tibet.
GUO Wen
The Nyalam region of southern Tibet, China, is one of the best locations to study Wenlock to Pridoli conodonts in China, due to the relatively continuous strata. The Yalai West II section is located on the mountain west of the Yalai Town. The Pulu Formation is composed of bioclastic wackestones with some interbeds of lim-mudstones, packstones and calcisiltites. Abundant cephalopods and conodonts, as well as rare bivalves and corals were reported from the Pulu Formation. The Pulu Formation represents a shallow-water marine environment with slow depositional rates. Five conodont biozones are established, i.e., the Ozarkodina sagitta sagitta Biozone, the Kockelella crassa Biozone, the Kockelella variabilis variabilis Interaval Biozone, the Polygnathoides siluricus Biozone, and the “Ozarkodina” eosteinhornensis s.l. Interval Biozone from the Homerian of Wenlock to Pridoli are recognized from the Pulu Formation, which is assigned to the late Telychian of Llandovery to Pridoli based on the conodonts, as well as the graptolites from the underlying strata. Among the conodont fauna in the Nyalam region, Wurmiella alternata has only been recognized from the Gondwana and peri-Gondwana, but others are widespread, which might be an indication of the cosmopolitan character of the Wenlock to Pridoli conodonts.
GUO Wen, CHEN Zhongyang
In southern Tibet, Paleozoic strata are well developed and widely outcropped in the Himalaya area. The early stratigraphical divisions and palaeontological investigations of the Mt. Jolmo Lungma area were conducted by pioneer expedition teams in the 1920s, which originally assigned a Carboniferous or Permian age to the limestone from the Summit. The discovery of Ordovician strata in the region was mainly based on finding of index fossils from the Jiacun and other sections in the vicinity of Mt. Jolmo Lungma. However, detailed palaeontological research is still lacking for the Late Ordovician in study area. Our research focus on ostracods fauna from the Jiaqu Formation, which are described for the first time from the Upper Ordovician in Nyalam, southern Xizang (Tibet). Thirty species belonging to sixteen genera are described and figured from the Yalai Waterworks section. The ostracod fauna suggests a probable Sandbian-Katian age for the Jiaqu Formation. The ecological assemblage of ostracods fauna belongs to the Eifelian Ecotype, which implies deposition in an environment of nearshore when the Jiaqu Formation was being laid down. Many cosmopolitan or provincial genera were present in diversified ostracod fauna of the Jiaqu Formation, suggesting close biogeographic relationships among Himalaya terranes, Tarim and South China plates. This dataset includes the stratigraphic column of the Jiaqu Formation section and outcrop photos in the Himalaya area, southern Tibet.
SONG Junjun
Paleozoic chronostratigraphic division and correlation are mainly based on biostratigraphy studies. In Tibet, biostratigraphic sequences of major fossil groups, such as conodont and rugose coral, have been briefly summarized by previous research. However, due to its remoteness, high altitude and the geographic extent of this vast mountainous region, most of the paleontological work being conducted in Tibet is of a reconnaissance nature. Collections and identifications of important index fossils are especially significant in improving our understating of Paleozoic stratigraphy in Himalayan, Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes and associated arc-basin systems. Abundant conodont, rugose coral, tabulate coral and stromatoporoid samples from the Pulu Formation in Nyalam (Himalaya terrane, Llandovery to Pridoli Yalai 2 sction, GPS coordinates: 28°24′17″ N, 86°5′48″ E）) and the Dardong Formation in Xainza (Lhasa terrane, Pragian to early Emsian SZ1 and SZ2 sections, GPS coordinates: 31°8′36.63″ N, 88°38′39.22″ E和31°7′56″ N, 88°37′47″ E), Tibet and the Changtanzi Formation in Longmenshan (Songpan-Ganzi terrane, Late Devonian Famennian Longmenshan section, GPS coordinates: 31°54′3.55″ N, 104°42′29.82″ E), Sichuan were collected and identified in this study. This dataset include identification lists from four sections in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent area, which are named as SZ1, SZ2, Yalai2 and Longmenshan, respectively.
GUO Wen, LIANG Kun, CHEN Zhongyang
Carbon cycle is controlled by relative changes in carbon fluxes of global atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. During the geological history, carbon isotope excursions usually occur in the critical period. Carbon isotope positive excursions are recognized to be related to abundant organic burial or enhanced primary productivity. Silurian δ13Ccarb curves from Euramerica have been established, but the isotopic patterns in different sections and regions can be quite different. Before the use of δ13Ccarb records to facilitate high resolution correlation, it is necessary to conduct sedimentary facies and diagenesis analyses and compare numerous isotopic records on a global scale, in order to learn the global versus local contribution in a δ13C record. 43 geochemical samples were collected from the Wenlock to Pridoli Pulu Formation for carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses, in order to reveal carbon cycling process in northern margin of Gondwana continent and alternation of carbon isotopic records during diagenesis. At the Yalai 2 section, δ13C values show a major positive shift in the Ludlow, which could be recognized in other sections around the world, indicating that major carbon cycling perturbation occurred during this time interval. This dataset include 43 carbon and oxygen isotopic records.
CHEN Zhongyang
This data is a histogram of red coral stratum in Kunlun mountain area, including the characteristic elements of stratum thickness and lithology change, which is based on detailed field survey and indoor analysis. The specific processing method is as follows: through field investigation, obtain the material of formation lithology composition, formation thickness, structural characteristics, etc., and draw the draft of stratigraphic histogram by hand. Back in the room, the lithology of rock is confirmed by thin section identification, and then the histogram is electronized by CorelDRAW software. This map is about 4MB in size with high resolution. It can be used for stratigraphic investigation, lithological analysis, the highest marine strata in Kunlun Mountain, paleontology and paleogeography.
ZHANG Qinghai
Cretapodagrion sibelleae gen. et sp. nov., oldest representative and first Mesozoic ‘Megapodagrionidae’, is described on the basis of a complete wing from the Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation (ca. 124.6 Ma) in China. It shows some similarities with the three extant genera of the ‘Megapodagrioninae’ and the enigmatic genus Mesopodagrion
FU Yanzhe
Sinothemis difficilis new genus new species, youngest and first accurate Chinese representative of the small family Selenothemistidae, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to the genus Turanothemis, known from the Karatau outcrop in Kazakhstan. The genus Caraphlebia, known from the Middle Jurassic of Antarctica, seems to strongly differ from the other representatives of this family and may belong to another family. The fossil was collected from the Upper Jurassic (157.3 ± 1.5 Ma; near Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary) Guancaishan locality, Jianping County, Western Liaoning, NE China. It belongs to the late assemblage of the Yanliao biota, while the early assemblage is represented by the putatively close damsel-dragonfly Paraliassophlebia from the Jiulongshan Formation of northern Hebei Province
FU Yanzhe
The scorpionfly genus Longiphlebia, with a sole species, is confined to the Middle-Late Jurassic Daohugou biota. Herein, we describe and figure the second species, Longiphlebia incompleta sp. nov., based on one specimen collected from the Upper Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation at Zhuanshanzi, near Nanshimen Village, Gangou Township, Qinglong County, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province. It is a new representative insect belonging to the late assemblage of Yanliao biota. Our discovery indicates new evolutionary evidence between the early and late assemblages of the Yanliao biota.
FU Yanzhe
A new campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, Hypsothemis sinensis sp. nov., is described from the lowermost Upper Jurassic Haifanggou Formation at the Daohugou locality in the Ningcheng Basin, China. This is the first Chinese representative of this genus, previously known only from the coeval upper Karabastau Formation in Kazakhstan, reflecting strong palaeobiogeographic links between these two entomofaunas.
FU Yanzhe
1) Luanpingia youchongi, a new species of the genus Luanpingia from the Middle to Late Jurassic Daohugou biota is described in this paper. 2) The fossil material comes from Daohugou area, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Mongolia in the middle Late Jurassic in China. The images of the fossil is imaged by V16 stereomicroscope, the plate is made by PS software, and the line drawing is drawn by hand by CDR software. 3) The new species is based on a forewing fossil, which is preserved in gray tuffaceous shale. 4) The venation characteristics of three species in Luanping were compared.
FU Yanzhe
1) This paper reports a new genus and three new species of Sinoalidae from the Middle to Late Jurassic Daohugou biota. 2) The fossils are from Daohugou area, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. The V16 microscope and scanning electron microscope are used to take photos of the fossils. The PS software is used to make plates and the CDR software is used to draw line drawings. 3) Based on 15 fossils, the new genera and species are preserved in tuffaceous shale in the middle layer of Daohugou bed. 4) This study greatly increased the paleobiodiversity of sinoptera in the Daohugou biota of Jurassic, indicating that a large radiation evolution event occurred in the early Jurassic.
FU Yanzhe
Checklists of all described organisms from the Daohugou biota, and insects from the Haifanggou Formation at Haifeng Village (Beipiao City, Liaoning Province) and the ‘Jiulongshan Formation’ at Zhouyingzi Village (Luanping County, Chengde City, Hebei Province), are provided. Fossil insects from the Daohugou biota are summarized, including a total of 760 valid species reported in 396 research papers from 2001 to April, 2021. The heyday of exploration of Daohugou insects has been lasted for a decade from 2006 to 2016 according to the number of published papers.
FU Yanzhe
1) This data is a map of a new species of Cicadellidae. This paper introduces the Lushangfen fauna and discusses the stratigraphic correlation of the early Cretaceous. 2) The fossils are from the Lushangfen Formation of Lower Cretaceous in western Beijing. The fossils are repaired under the microscope and imaged with the V16 microscope. The image data are typeset with PS software, and the line map is drawn with CDR software. 3) The new species is based on a well preserved forewing specimen. The fossil is preserved in grayish yellow flaky shale with clear image. 4) This paper discusses the stratigraphic correlation between the new species of palaeocicadellidae from Lushangfen Formation of Lower Cretaceous in western Beijing and Zaza formation of Lower Cretaceous in Russia, which expands the distribution range of palaeocicadellidae and increases its paleodiversity.
FU Yanzhe
1) In this paper, lichnomesopyche Ren, labandeira, and Shih, 2010, are systematically revised. 2) The fossil material is from the Daohugou layer in Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. The image of the fossil is made with Canon camera and V20 microscope, and PS software. 3) The morphological revision of lichnomesopyche is based on five well preserved fossils from the middle layer of Daohugou bed. 4) The results show that the male genitalia of Chrysopa longicornis is the key feature of species classification.
FU Yanzhe
1) This paper reports a new Middle Jurassic progonocimicid bug from Northeast China, named Cicadocoris parvus. 2) The fossils come from the middle layer of Daohugou bed of Haifanggou Formation in Daohugou area, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. The images of fossils are obtained by using V16 microscope, the plates are made by using PS software, and the line drawings and maps are drawn by using CDR software. 3) The fossil material consists of 40 in total, including 21 males, 12 females and 7 unknown sex, which are preserved in the gray tuffaceous shale in the middle layer of Daohugou bed、 4) In this paper, the detailed morphological measurements of the new species and show that they are the dominant species in the Jurassic Daohugou biota.
FU Yanzhe
1) This paper reports a new genus and species of Sinoalidae, named Stictocercopis wuhuaensis. 2) The fossils are from Daohugou area, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. The V16 microscope and scanning electron microscope are used to take photos. The PS software is used to make plates and the CDR software is used to draw line drawings. 3) The new genera and species are based on three fossils and, preserved in tuffaceous shale in the middle layer of Daohugou bed. 4) In this paper, the palaeobiodiversity and morphological diversity of sinoalid in the Jurassic Daohugou biota have been increased. It is suggested that there was a radiation evolution event in the early Jurassic.
FU Yanzhe
1) This paper reports a new fossil assemblage of sinoalid at the top of the Jurassic Daohugou bed, summarizes the distribution and evolution of the froghoppers in the Daohugou biota, and reveals the paleoecological significance. 2) The fossil material comes from the top layer of Daohugou bed. V16 microscope is used to photograph the fossils, PS software is used to make plates, and CDR software is used to draw line drawings and map. 3) A total of 12 fossils of the sinoalids are well preserved in the gray tuffaceous shale. 4) This paper summarizes the assemblage characteristics of sinoalids in different layers from bottom to top of the Jurassic Daohugou biota, and analyzes the distribution, evolution and paleoecological significance of the Cercopoidea.
FU Yanzhe
This data is the stratigraphic histogram of Quanshui Lake in Kunlun mountain area, including the characteristic elements of stratigraphic thickness and lithologic changes, which is based on detailed field survey and indoor analysis. The specific processing method is as follows: through field investigation, obtain the material of formation lithology composition, formation thickness, structural characteristics, etc., and draw the draft of stratigraphic histogram by hand. Back in the room, the lithology of rock is confirmed by thin section identification, and then the histogram is electronized by CorelDRAW software. This map is about 4MB in size with high resolution. It can be used for stratigraphic investigation, lithological analysis, the highest marine strata in Kunlun Mountain, paleontology and paleogeography.
ZHANG Qinghai
1) This paper reports a fossil palaeontinid from the upper Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation in China and its paleobiogeographical significance; 2) The fossils come from the Linglongta layer in the Guancaishan section of Jianping County, western Liaoning Province, China; The images of fossils were imaged by V16 microscope, the plates were made by PS, and the line drawings were drawn by CDR software; 3) The new species is based on one well-preserved fossil palaeontinid; 4) This paper compares the new species with the palaeontinid from Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan and Chita area of Russia in detail, providing paleontological evidence for the closure time of the Okhotsk Sea.
FU Yanzhe
1) This paper describes a new species of Sinoalidae from the Daohugou biota of Middle to Late Jurassic, revises the synonym jiania, and proves the correlation between the Daohugou fossil bed and the Jiulongshan Formation in Luanping. 2) The fossil materials come from Daohugou area, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Mongolia in the Middle to Late Jurassic of China. The images of the fossils are imaged by V16 stereomicroscope, the plates are made by PS software, and the line drawings are drawn by CDR software. 3) The new species is based on two fossils, which are preserved in tuff shale. 4) This paper proves the stratigraphic correlation between Daohugou bed and Jiulongshan Formation in Luanping, Hebei Province from the perspective of biostratigraphy.
FU Yanzhe
Stomatal parameters of fossil plants include stomatal density and stomatal index. Stomatal density is the number of stomata per unit area, usually expressed as the number of stomata per square millimeter leaf area. Stomatal index is the percentage of stomatal number to the total number of stomatal and epidermal cells. The cuticle with stomata is located at the interface between plant and atmosphere, which contains important data about the relationship between plant and living environment. Moreover, the new technology of cuticle analysis can make many plant leaf fossils become valuable paleo atmospheric environment database. This data comes from my team and other published papers. I will make statistics, screen and upload the stomatal parameter data in these published papers. At present, stomatal parameters are widely used, such as: using stomatal parameters to calculate paleoatmospheric CO² concentration, using stomatal parameters to reconstruct paleo sea level, etc.
ZHANG Mingzhen
This set of data includes the Cenozoic biostratigraphy scientific expedition in autumn 2020, relying on the second comprehensive scientific expedition on the Tibetan Plateau Research Task 7 topic 5 "second comprehensive scientific expedition on the Tibetan Plateau, 2019qzk0705" The data content includes image material and field video material. The main shooting equipment is SLR camera, motion camera and UAV. Data is used for documentary production, paper publication and other matters. The data involves original intellectual property rights, and the user must obtain the prior consent of the copyright owner.
SHI Jingsong
The most primitive Elasmotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of northern China, The origin of Elasmotherium has been a puzzle for many years. Herein, we report the earliest representative of Elasmotherium, based on a Late Miocene skull from Dingbian County in Shaanxi, northwestern China. The skull bears a unique mosaic of primitive and derived features different from all hitherto known elasmotheres, hence forth demarcated as holotype of Elasmotherium primigenium sp. nov. Dental characters of E. primigenium are more primitive than any other known species of lasmotherium, e.g. relatively incipient enamel folding, fairly weak lingual groove on the base of the protocone, relatively weaker crista, small and closed posterior valley and straight ectoloph. E. primigenium is evidently more primitive than all the known species of Elasmotherium, yet appreciably more derived than Sinotherium, thereby marking an important transitional species between Sinotherium and further species of the genus Elasmotherium.
SUN Danhui, DENG Tao
The data include the Cenozoic plant fossils collected from Gansu, Qinghai and Yunnan by the Department of paleontology, School of Geological Sciences and mineral resources, Lanzhou University from 2019 to 2020. All the fossils were collected by the team members in the field and processed in the laboratory by conventional fossil restoration methods and cuticle experiment methods. The fossils are basically well preserved, some of which are horned The study of these plant fossils is helpful to understand the Cenozoic paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, paleogeographic changes and vegetation features of the eastern Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
YANG Tao
The Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and its neighbouring areas are crucial for the research of the evolution of Neo-Tethys. The earliest evidence of the formation of Neo-Tethys remains to be discovered and the sequence of the basin evolution in many areas, such as the eastern and western Xizang, is far from well established. The limits in stratigraphy and sedimentology have greatly restricted the investigation of the evolution of Neo-Tethys as well as the collision between Indian-Eurasian plates. This exploration team conducted a joint investigation on the Mesozoic strata in some key areas in eastern, central, and southern Xizang, with emphasis on their stratigraphy, palaeontology, and sedimentology, to retrieve potential stratigraphic and sedimentary evidence of the opening, evolution, and retreat of the Neo-Tethys in the region. This dataset is a collection of the exploration, which includes diaries and photos of the strata, geological structure, profiles, and fossils that have been collected in the above-mentioned areas. It consists of three items. The explored strata include the Jurassic-Cretaceous in Luolong and Basu counties, eastern Xizang, in Renbu and Lang counties, central Xizang, and the radiolarite strata in Ngari.
LI Jianguo, LUO Hui, LI Xianghui
With a depositional history spanning the early Aptian to early Albian (~19 mys), the Lower Cretaceous Xinminpu Group in Jiuquan, NW China provides abundant animal and plant fossils. This area is the represented study area of the Lower Cretaceous in China. The absence of a comprehensive stratigraphical framework for this area however limits the degree to which the unit can be interpreted relative to coeval sections and the geological records in genera. This investigation from July 9 to July 11 focuses on the Lower Cretaceous in this area, and collected abundant fossil and rock samples for biostratigraphic and stratigraphic analysis. This dataset includes: stratigraphic column of the Chijinpu Formation in the East Xiagou outcrop, and photographs of outcrops and represented fossils; stratigraphic column of the Xiagou Formation in the Changma outcrop and a photo of bird-bearing outcrop.
WANG Bo
This dataset is derived from the paper: Deng, W. et al. (2020). Sharp changes in plant diversity and plant-herbivore interactions during the Eocene–Oligocene transition on the southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Global and Planetary Change, 194, 103293. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103293 This data contains herbivore damage patterns on fossil leaves of plant assemblages from the latest Eocene layer and the earliest Oligocene layer in Kajun Village, Markam County, southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Herbivore damage patterns on fossil leaves are essential to explore the evolution of plant-herbivore interactions under paleoenvironmental changes and to better understand the evolutionary history of terrestrial ecosystems. The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) is a period of dramatic paleoclimate changes that significantly impacted global ecosystems, Researchers identified taxonomic composition of the flora, and investigated well-preserved herbivore damage on fossil leaves from two layers(the latest Eocene layer (MK-3, ~34.6 Ma) and the earliest Oligocene layer (MK-1, ~33.4 Ma)) of the Lawula Formation in Markam County, southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), China. The data contains tables of the records of the leaves fossil, the fileds of the tables are as following: Basic Code; Database RFID; Family code; Genera code; Species code; Marks; Plant-herbivore; Leaves for damage; FFGs & DTs; Code marks; Hole feeding; Margin feeding; Skeletonization; Surface feeding; Piercing & Sucking; Oviposition; Mining; Galling; Fungal; Incertae Sedis; Boring; Undefined This dataset also contains some figures in the article.
DENG Weiyudong, SU Tao
The Sixth Zhabuye Section locates at the northern part of the Zhabuye salt lake in Zhongba County, Tibet. The Middle Permian carbonates of the Xiala Formation outcropped very well in the region. This section has a thickness of 200 meters and was divided into 6 units. The lower 50 meters of the section is composed of limestones and chert layers. The chert layers in the above 100 meters decreased significantly, but they reappear in the top 35 meters. This section has abundant fusulines and smaller foraminifers. The fusulines has two assemblages, respectively Neoschwagerina majulensis-Kahlerina pachytheca assemblage in the lower and Chusenella quasifera-Codonofusiella nana assemblage in the upper. The foraminifers are divided into three assemblages, respectively Glomomidiellopsis specialisaeformis-Pachyphloia multiseptata assemblage, Lysites biconcavus-Shanita amosi assemblage and Lasiodiscus tenuis-Neoendothyra reicheli assemblage.
ZHANG Yichun
The Xiadong section locates at the Xiadong village region in Tsochen County, Tibet. The Permian strata in this region includes Largar, Angjie and Xiala formations. The Xiadong Section locates at the north of the Xiadong Village. The section is composed of entirely carbonates with abundant fusulines, smaller foraminifers and corals. The column exhibit the occurrences of fusulines and smaller foraminifers and their biostratigraphy. According to the fusulines, the age of the Xiala Formation at this section is middle Permian age. The fusulines can be subdivided into two assemblages, respectively Chenella changanchiaoensis-Neoschwagerina cheni in the lower and Nankinella-Chusenella assemblage in the upper. The foraminifers are divided into four assemblages, respectively Lasiodiscus tenuis-Palaeotextularia angusta elongata assemblage, Agathammina pusilla-A.vachardi assemblage, Hemigordiopsis-Midiella assemblage and Pachyphloi-Nodosinelloides assemblage.
ZHANG Yichun
The Mujiucuo section locates at the west of the Mujiucuo salt lake in Xainza County, Tibet. The Permian sequences oupcropped very well at the section. The Permian sequence at the section was divided into five formations, respectively Yunzhub, Largar, Angjie, Xiala and Mujiucuo formations. The Yunzhub Formation is composed of sandstone. The upper part of this formation contains limestone interlayers with 8 species of brachiopods. The brachiopods are grouped into the Costatumulus-Bandoproductus assemblage. The Xiala Formation is composed of entirely carbonates. The purplish limestone in the base of Xiala Formation consists of 6 species of brachiopods. They are grouped into the Alispiriferella-Retimarginifera celeteria assemblage. The overlying bed only contains one species Permophricodothyris elegantula. The brachiopods from these beds overall show a Gondwanan type in palaeobiogeography. It suggests that the Lhasa Block located not far away from the Gondwana margin. According to the constraints by fusulines and conodonts, the ages of beds 83, 86 and 87 are Middle Permian whereas those of beds 88 and 89 are late Permian. Brachiopods are found in many beds in the Xiala Formation. They are divided into two separate assemblages, respectively Echinauris opuntia-Neoplicatifera in the lower and Spinomarginifera lopingensis-Chonetinella cymatilis in the upper. Compared with the brachiopods from the Yunzhub Formation and basal Xiala Formation below, both assemblages from the middle and upper part of the Xiala Formation exhibit a pronounced palaeobiogeographical changes.
XU Haipeng, ZHANG Yichun
The Mujiucuo section locates at the west of the Mujiucuo salt lake in Xainza County, Tibet. The Permian sequences oupcropped very well at the section. The beds from 83 to 89 consists mainly of bioclastic limestone with abundant fusulines and foraminifers. After careful examination, 13 species of fusulines and 37 species of smaller foraminifers are identified at the section. In terms of the occurrences of those fusulines and smaller foraminifers, the fusulines are subdivided into the lower Nankinella-Chusenella assemblage of Middle Permian and upper Codonofusiella schubertelloides zone of Late Permian. Similarly, the smaller foraminifers are also divided into lower Agathammina vachardi-Hemigordiopsis subglobosa assemblage and upper Glomomidiellopsis xainzaensis-Midiella reicheli assemblage. The dominance of Miliolinids in the section suggests an overall warm-water depositional settings.
ZHANG Yichun
25 members consisting of researchers from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS and Nanjing University, reporters from Beijing News, technicians from China Unicom, drivers and kitchener undertook the investigation on the Palaeozoic strata and faunas from various regions in northern Tibet from 30 August to 3 October. The expedition areas include areas in northern Selingco, Rejuechaka and Rongma region in northern Nyima County, Wenbu area in southern Nyima County. The objective of the expedition includes: (1) the origin of the Permian limestone blocks within the Bangong-Nujiang suture zones; (2) the Permian-Triassic strata, faunas and floras in the Rejuechaka region, northern Tibet; (3) the Ordovician cephalopods in the Rongma area, Nyima County; (4) the Permian sequence and faunas in the Wenbu area, southern Nyima County. This album contains the full record of the investigation and geological phenomenon. The links in the album can directly link to the video in internet.
ZHANG Yichun
25 members consisting of researchers from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS and Nanjing University, reporters from Beijing News, technicians from China Unicom, drivers and kitchener undertook the investigation on the Palaeozoic strata and faunas from various regions in northern Tibet from 5 September to 2 October. The expedition areas include areas in northern Selingco, Rejuechaka and Rongma region in northern Nyima County, Wenbu area in southern Nyima County. In northern Selingco region, the expedition focused on the faunas from the exotic limestone blocks within the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. In the Rejuechaka region, the expedition attention was paid on the Permian-Triassic successions, sea-level changes, and Permian and Triassic faunas and floras. In the Rongma area, the Ordovician cephalopod and Permian microfossils within the Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture zone was investigated. In the Wenbu area, the research attention was paid on the stratigraphic transition from the ice-houce to green-house conditions during the early Permian time. This document record the full information about the field investigation.
ZHANG Yichun
The dataset contains the identification lists of fusulines, smaller foraminifers, brachiopods and conodonts from three sections at the Mujiucuo area, Xainza County, Tibet. The Permian strata has very good outcrops at the Mujiucuo region. The Permian strata is composed of the Yunzhub, Largar, Angjie, Xiala and Mujiucuo formations in ascending order. The Yunzhub Formation contains only abundant brachiopods, they show a typical Gondwanan cool-water type. The middle part of the Xiala Formation is composed of medium-bedded limestone with abundant foraminifers, fusulines and brachiopods. The upper part of the Xiala Formation contains abundant conodonts, smaller foraminifers and fusulines. According to the ages of the fossils, the limestone from the northwest Mujiucuo section corresponds to the bed 86 of the Mujiucuo section. The limestones from the short western Mujiucuo section corresponds to bed 89 of the Mujiucuo section. The limestone and dolomites from the No. 2 short section comes from the lower part of the Mujiucuo Formation.
ZHANG Yichun
The study of fossils in Bangor and Lunpola is of great significance, and the date of fossils is indispensable. There are volcanic tuffs in this area. Zircon can be used for U-Pb age analysis to determine the age of strata and fossils. This data shows the zircon U-Pb age analysis results of tuff samples from bango and Lunpola fossil sites in a graphical way. The figure shows the shape of a large number of zircons, and indicates the age analysis results on different zircon samples. The data show the large sample size used in related research, and the analysis results are also clear. The image display of this data is intuitive and clear, and the results are reliable, which is of great significance to the study of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
SUN Boyang
This dataset is derived from the paper: Su, T. et al. (2019). No high tibetan plateau until the Neogene. Science Advances, 5(3), eaav2189. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav2189 This data contains supplementary material of this article. Researchers discovered well-preserved palm fossil leaves from the Lunpola Basin (32.033°N, 89.767°E), central Tibetan Plateau at a present elevation of 4655 m in 2016. Researchers compared the newly discovered fossil with those present fossil that are most similar, find that there is no similar leaves among present fossil, therefore, researchers proposed the new species <em>S. tibetensis</em> T. Su et Z.K. Zhou sp. nov. Using the climate model, combined with the research of the fossil, researchers rebuilt the paleoelevation of the central Tibetan Plateau, it shows that a high plateau cannot have existed in the core of Tibet in the Paleogene. The data contains the following tables: 1) Table S1. Fossil records of palms around the world. 2) Table S2. Morphological comparisons between fossils from Lunpola Basin and modern palm genera. 3) Table S3. Climate ranges of 12 living genera that show the closest morphological similarity to <em>S. tibetensis</em> T. Su et Z.K. Zhou sp. nov. This dataset also contains the figures in the supplementary material in the article.
SU Tao
This data was illustarted section histogram of Baingoin locality, based on result of geological survey on Tibetan Plateau in recent years. The thickness of stratigraphic level was measured artificially, rock character was identified by well-experienced geological worker. Fossils were discovered and clearly marked in the section. Stratigraphic and lithologic data obtained from geological survey was organized systematically after field work, adding relevant text. The content of data is very detailed, with significance in geological and topographic research in Baingoin locality and Northern Tibetan Plateau, especially in tectonics in plateau uplift and paleo-altimetry.
SUN Boyang
This data is derived from the Supplementary Tables of the paper: Chen, F. H., Welker, F., Shen, C. C., Bailey, S. E., Bergmann, I., Davis, S., Xia, H., Wang, H., Fischer, R., Freidline, S. E., Yu, T. L., Skinner, M. M., Stelzer, S., Dong, G. R., Fu, Q. M., Dong, G. H., Wang, J., Zhang, D. J., & Hublin, J. J. (2019). A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature, 569, 409-412. This research is another breakthrough made by academician Fahu Chen and his team over the years research of human activities and environmental adaptation on the Tibetan Plateau. The research team analyzed the newly discovered hominid mandible fossils in Xiahe County, Gansu Province, China, and identified it belongs to Denisovan of the Tibetan Plateau, which suggested to call Xiahe Denisovan. The team conducted a multidisciplinary analysis of the fossil, including chronology, physique morphology, molecular archaeology, living environment and human adaptation. It is the first Denisovan fossil found outside the Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains and the earliest evidence of human activity on the Tibetan Plateau (160 kyr BP). This study provides key evidence for further study of Denisovans' physical characteristics and distribution in East Asia, it also provides evidence of a deep evolutionary history of these archaic hominins within the challenging environment of the Tibetan Plateau. This data contains 6 tables, table name and contents are as follows: t1: Distances in mm between meshes generated from CT versus photoscans (PS). t2: Measurements of the Xiahe mandible after reconstruction. t3: Comparative Dental metrics. t4: Comparative crown morphology. t5: Uniprot accession numbers for protein sequences of extant primates used in the phylogenetic analyses. t6: Specimen names and numbers.
CHEN Fahu
The Lunpola Basin in the central Tibetan Plateau is situated along the southern margin of the east-west stretched Banggong-Nujiang suture belt between the Qiangtang Terrane and the Lhasa Terrane. The thick and continuous Cenozoic sediments in the basin can provide great potential for understanding the tectonic uplift, paleoaltimetry, erosion and depositional history of the Tibetan Plateau and climate environmental evolution. However, the study of geologic and climatic changes has been hindered by poor age constraints on the Cenozoic sedimentary sequence in the Lunpola Basin, especially its upper part with typical lacustrine oil shale sediments due to the discontinuous or unexposed outcrop caused by erosion or weathering. In this study, we investigated a 658 m-thick Cenozoic continuous lacustrine sedimentary section, Lunpori, from the upper sequence of the central basin. We found two layers of tuffs in this section and then carried out detailed paleomagnetic measurements. Constrained by tie points of U-Pb zircon ages, the observed magnetic zones are well correlated with chrons C5Bn.2n to C6AAn of the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale, yielding ages of ~21.2 to 15 Ma for the section. Lithofacies, pollen and fossil records suggest a relative temperate, humid climate prevailing in the Lunpola Basin during the period of Dingqinghu Formation, indicating that the Indian monsoon occurred before ~26 Ma.Through paleomagnetic analysis and testing of fluvial and lacustrine facies strata in Lumpola Basin since Miocene, 22Ma-15Ma magnetic stratigraphic chronology has been obtained.
TAN Mengqi
This dataset is collected from the Supplementary Materials part of the paper "Chen, F.H., Dong, G.H., Zhang, D.J., Liu, X.Y., Jia, X., An, C.B., Ma, M.M., Xie, Y.W., Barton, L., Ren, X.Y., Zhao, Z.J., & Wu, X.H. (2015). Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. Science, 347, 248–250.". In this paper, researchers analyzed animal bones, plant remains and other artefacts from 53 sites across the northeastern Tibetan plateau and found that humans began to relocate to the elevations above 4000 masl after the emergence of Barley. According to the study, the prehistoric human expansion into the higher, colder altitudes of the Tibetan plateau took place as the continental temperatures had themselves become colder after 3,600 calendar years before the present, thus, the key impetus of the expansion was agricultural innovation rather than climate change. This dataset contains 4 tables, table names and content are as follows: Data list: The data name list of the rest tables; t1: Calibrated radiocarbon dates and domesticated plant and animal remains from sites investigated on the NETP; t2: Radiocarbon dates of the Paleolithic sites on the Tibetan Plateau; t3: OSL dates of the Paleolithic sites on the Tibetan Plateau. See attachments for data details: Supplementary Materials.pdf, Agriculture Facilitated Permanent Human Occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3,600 BP.pdf.
CHEN Fahu
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