This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation), simulated and output through the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model of the Indus River basin, with temperature, precipitation, barometric pressure, etc. as input data.
WANG Lei, LIU Hu
This data is generated based on meteorological observation data, hydrological station data, combined with various assimilation data and remote sensing data, through the preparation of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau multi-level hydrological model system WEB-DHM (distributed hydrological model based on water and energy balance) coupling snow, glacier and frozen soil physical processes. The time resolution is monthly, the spatial resolution is 5km, and the original data format is ASCII text format, Data types include grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation in the month). If the asc cannot be opened normally in arcmap, please top the first 5 lines of the asc file.
WANG Lei, CHAI Chenhao
This data is a simulated output data set of 5km monthly hydrological data obtained by establishing the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model of the source regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River, using temperature, precipitation and pressure as input data, and GAME-TIBET data as verification data. The dataset includes grid runoff and evaporation (if the evaporation is less than 0, it means deposition; if the runoff is less than 0, it means that the precipitation in the month is less than evaporation). This data is a model based on the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model, and established by using temperature, and precipitation (from itp-forcing and CMA) as input data, GLASS, MODIA, AVHRR as vegetation data, and SOILGRID and FAO as soil parameters. And by the calibration and verification of runoff，soil temperature and soil humidity, the 5 km monthly grid runoff and evaporation in the source regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River from 1998 to 2017 was obtained. If asc can't open normally in arcmap, please delete the blacks space of the top 5 lines of the asc file.
WANG Lei
This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation). This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation).
WANG Lei
This product provides the data set of key variables of the water cycle of Arctic rivers (North America：Mackenzie, Eurasia：Lena) from 1998 to 2017, including 7 variables: precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, underground runoff, glacier runoff, snow water equivalent and three-layer soil humidity, which are numerically simulated by the land surface model vic-cas developed by the project team. The spatial resolution of the data set is 50km and the temporal resolution is month. This data set can be used to analyze the change of water balance in the Arctic River Basin under climate change, and can also be used to compare and verify remote sensing data products and the simulations of other models.
ZHAO Qiudong, WANG Ninglian, WU Yuwei
The data set includes the observed and simulated runoff into the sea and the composition of each runoff component (total runoff, glacier runoff, snowmelt runoff, rainfall runoff) of two large rivers in the Arctic (North America: Mackenzie, Eurasia: Lena), with a time resolution of months. The data is a vic-cas model driven by the meteorological driving field data produced by the project team. The observed runoff and remote sensing snow data are used for correction. The Nash efficiency coefficient of runoff simulation is more than 0.85, and the model can also better simulate the spatial distribution and intra/inter annual changes of snow cover. The data can be used to analyze the runoff compositions and causes of long-term runoff change, and deepen the understanding of the runoff changes of Arctic rivers.
ZHAO Qiudong, WU Yuwei
The data set includes annual mass balance of Naimona’nyi glacier (northern branch) from 2008 to 2018, daily meteorological data at two automatic meteorological stations (AWSs) near the glacier from 2011 to 2018 and monthly air temperature and relative humidity on the glacier from 2018 to 2019. In the end of September or early October for each year , the stake heights and snow-pit features (snow layer density and stratigraphy) are manually measured to derive the annual point mass balance. Then the glacier-wide mass balance was then calculated （Please to see the reference). Two automatic weather stations (AWSs, Campbell company) were installed near the Naimona’nyi Glacier. AWS1, at 5543 m a. s.l., recorded meteorological variables from October 2011 at half hourly resolution, including air temperature (℃), relative humidity (%), and downward shortwave radiation (W m-2) . AWS2 was installed at 5950 m a.s.l. in October 2010 at hourly resolution and recorded wind speed (m/s), air pressure (hPa), precipitation (mm). Data quality: the quality of the original data is better, less missing. Firstly, the abnormal data in the original records are removed, and then the daily values of these parameters are calculated. Two probes (Hobo MX2301) which record air temperature and relative humidity was installed on the glacier at half hour resolution since October 2018. The observed meteorological data was calculated as monthly values. The data is stored in Excel file. It can be used by researchers for studying the changes in climate, hydrology, glaciers, etc.
ZHAO Huabiao
Glacier surface albedo is a key parameter in the process of glacier mass and energy balance. The data include annual mean glacier surface albedo and annual minimum glacier surface albedo for each year of the 2000-2020 ablation period (June-August) in the High Mountain Asia. Based on the MODIS 500m resolution daily snow albedo products (including MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), firstly, mean-synthesis was applied to the morning star data MOD10A1 and afternoon star data MYD10A1, followed by interpolation and null-filling using mean-filtering for data within a ±2 day window, and finally based on the minimum and mean methods to obtain the annual mean albedo and annual minimum albedo for glaciers in High Mountain Asia were obtained based on the minimum and mean methods. Compared to the original data, the accuracy and coverage of the data are greatly improved. It can provide ice surface albedo input data for studying the relationship between glacier albedo and matss balance and for glacier models.
XIAO Yao
This product provides the data set of key variables of the water cycle of major Arctic rivers (North America: Mackenzie, Eurasia: Lena from 1971 to 2017, including 7 variables: precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, underground runoff, glacier runoff, snow water equivalent and three-layer soil humidity, which are numerically simulated by the land surface model vic-cas developed by the project team. The spatial resolution of the data set is 0.1degree and the temporal resolution is month. This data set can be used to analyze the change of water balance in the Arctic River Basin under long-term climate change, and can also be used to compare and verify remote sensing data products and the simulation results of other models.
ZHAO Qiudong, WANG Ninglian, WU Yuwei
Mountain glaciers are important freshwater resources in Western China and its surrounding areas. It is at the drainage basin scale that mountain glaciers provide meltwater that humans exploit and utilize. Therefore, the determination of glacierized river basins is the basis for the research on glacier meltwater provisioning functions and their services. Based on the Randolph glacier inventory 6.0, Chinese Glacier Inventories, China's river basin classifications (collected from the Data Centre for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences), and global-scale HydroBASINS (www.hydrosheds.org), the following dataset was generated by the intersection between river basins and glacier inventory: (1) Chinese glacierized macroscale and microscale river basins; (2) International glacierized macroscale river basin fed by China’s glaciers; (3) Glacierized macroscale river basin data across High Mountain Asia. This data takes the common river basin boundaries in China and the globe into account, which is poised to provide basic data for the study of historical and future glacier water resources in China and its surrounding areas.
SU Bo
The dataset includes three high-resolution DSM data as well as Orthophoto Maps of Kuqionggangri Glacier, which were measured in September 2020, June 2021 and September 2021. The dataset is generated using the image data taken by Dajiang Phantom 4 RTK UAV, and the products are generated through tilt photogrammetry technology. The spatial resolution of the data reaches 0.15 m. This dataset is a supplement to the current low-resolution open-source topographic data, and can reflect the surface morphological changes of Kuoqionggangri Glacier from 2020 to 2021. The dataset helps to accurately study the melting process of Kuoqionggangri Glacier under climate change.
LIU Jintao
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
This dataset contains the glacier outlines in Qilian Mountain Area in 2020. The dataset was produced based on classical band ratio criterion and manual editing. Chinese GF series images collected in 2020 were used as basic data for glacier extraction. Google images and Map World images were employed as reference data for manual adjusting. The dataset was stored in SHP format and attached with the attributions of coordinates, glacier ID and glacier area. Consisting of 1 season, the dataset has a spatial resolution of 2 meters. The accuracy is about 1 pixel (±2 meter). The dataset directly reflects the glacier distribution within the Qilian Mountain in 2020, and can be used for quantitative estimation of glacier mass balance and the quantitative assessment of glacier change’s impact on basin runoff.
Li Jia Li Jia LI Jia LI Jia
This is the 1976, 1991, 2000, and 2010 vector data set of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Boqu Basin in Central Himalaya based on Landsat satellite images. The data source is from Landsat remote images. 1976: LM21510411975306AAA05, LM21510401976355AAA04 1991: LT41410401991334XXX02, LT41410411991334XXX02 2000: LE71410402000279SGS00, LE71400412000304SGS00, LE71410402000327EDC00, LE71410412000327EDC00 2010: LT51400412009288KHC00, LT51410402009295KHC00, LT51410412009311KHC00, LT51410402011237KHC00. The boundaries of glaciers and glacial lakes are extracted manually from the various remote sensing images. The extraction error of the boundaries of glaciers and glacial lakes is estimated to be 0.5 pixels. Data file: Glacial_1976: Glacier vector data in 1976 Glacial_1991: Glacier vector data in 1991 Glacial_2000: Glacier vector data in 2000 Glacial_2010: Glacier vector data in 2010 Glacial_Lake_1976: Glacial lake vector data in 1976年 Glacial_Lake_1991: Glacial lake vector data in 1991 Glacial_Lake_2000: Glacial lake vector data in 2000 Glacial_Lake_2010: Glacial lake vector data in 2010 The glacial lake vector data fields include Number, name, latitude and longitude, altitude, area, orientation, type of glacial lake, length, width, and distance from the glacier.
WANG Weicai
The Antarctic ice sheet elevation data were generated from radar altimeter data (Envisat RA-2) and lidar data (ICESat/GLAS). To improve the accuracy of the ICESat/GLAS data, five different quality control indicators were used to process the GLAS data, filtering out 8.36% unqualified data. These five quality control indicators were used to eliminate satellite location error, atmospheric forward scattering, saturation and cloud effects. At the same time, dry and wet tropospheric, correction, solid tide and extreme tide corrections were performed on the Envisat RA-2 data. For the two different elevation data, an elevation relative correction method based on the geometric intersection of Envisat RA-2 and GLAS data spot footprints was proposed, which was used to analyze the point pairs of GLAS footprints and Envisat RA-2 data center points, establish the correlation between the height difference of these intersection points (GLAS-RA-2) and the roughness of the terrain relief, and perform the relative correction of the Envisat RA-2 data to the point pairs with stable correlation. By analyzing the altimetry density in different areas of the Antarctic ice sheet, the final DEM resolution was determined to be 1000 meters. Considering the differences between the Prydz Bay and the inland regions of the Antarctic, the Antarctic ice sheet was divided into 16 sections. The best interpolation model and parameters were determined by semivariogram analysis, and the Antarctic ice sheet elevation data with a resolution of 1000 meters were generated by the Kriging interpolation method. The new Antarctic DEM was verified by two kinds of airborne lidar data and GPS data measured by multiple Antarctic expeditions of China. The results showed that the differences between the new DEM and the measured data ranged from 3.21 to 27.84 meters, and the error distribution was closely related to the slope.
HUANG Huabin
The DEMs of the typical glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau were provided by the bistatic InSAR method. The data were collected on November 21, 2013. It covered Puruogangri and west Qilian Mountains with a spatial resolution of 10 meters, and an elevation accuracy of 0.8 m which met the requirements of national 1:10 000 topographic mapping. Considering the characteristics of the bistatic InSAR in terms of imaging geometry and phase unwrapping, based on the TanDEM-X bistatic InSAR data, and adopting the improved SAR interference processing method, the surface DEMs of the two typical glaciers above were generated with high resolution and precision. The data set was in GeoTIFF format, and each typical glacial DEM was stored in a folder. For details of the data, please refer to the Surface DEMs for typical glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau - Data Description.
JIANG Liming
This dataset contains the glacier outlines in Qilian Mountain Area in 2019. The dataset was produced based on classical band ratio criterion and manual editing. Chinese GF series images collected in 2019 were used as basic data for glacier extraction. Google images and Map World images were employed as reference data for manual adjusting. The dataset was stored in SHP format and attached with the attributions of coordinates, glacier ID and glacier area. Consisting of 1 season, the dataset has a spatial resolution of 2 meters. The accuracy is about 1 pixel (±2 meter). The dataset directly reflects the glacier distribution within the Qilian Mountain in 2019, and can be used for quantitative estimation of glacier mass balance and the quantitative assessment of glacier change’s impact on basin runoff.
Li Jia Li Jia LI Jia LI Jia
This dataset includes data of glacier elevation changes in 2000‒2013 and 2000‒2017 at high spatial resolution (5 m). The specific areas are Namco area in the west section of Nyainqentangula Mountains (WNM) and Kangri Karpo area in the east section of Nyainqentangula Mountains (ENM). Glacier boundary refers to Randolph Glacier Inventory Version 4.0 (RGI 4.0). The glacier elevation changes were calculated from the DEM data generated by ZiYuan-3 Three-Line-Array (ZY-3 TLA) stereo images in 2013 and 2017 and SRTM DEM data in 2000, respectively. The data in the WNM include three periods, i.e., 2000‒2013, 2013‒2017 and 2000‒2017. The data in the ENM include one period, i.e., 2000‒2017. The spatial resolution of the dataset is 5 meters, the unit is m a^−1, the data format is GeoTIFF, the data type is floating-point, and the projection mode is UTM 46N for the west segment and UTM 47N for the east segment. The glacier elevation change can be transformed into the glacier mass balance (unit: w.e. a^−1) of corresponding temporal intervals by multiplying the average density of the glacier. This dataset can provide the details of the spatial patterns of glacier elevation changes to support modeling studies of glacier mass balance in this region.
REN Shaoting, JIA Li
1) These data main included the GPR-surveyed ice thickness of six typical various-sized glaciers in 2016-2018; the GlabTop2-modeled ice thickness of the entire UIB sub-basins, discharge data of the hydrological stations, and related raw & derived data. 2) Data sources and processing methods: We compared the plots and profiles of GPR-surveyed ice bed elevation with the GlabTop2-simulated results and selected the optimal parametric scheme, then simulated the ice thickness of the whole UIB basin and assessed its hydrological effect. These processed results were stored as tables and tif format， 3) Data quality description: The simulated ice thickness has a spatial resolution of 30 m, and has been verified by the GPR-surveyed ice thickness for the MD values were less than 10 m. The maximum error of the GPR-measured data was 230.2 ± 5.4 m, within the quoted glacier error at ± 5%. 4) Synthesizing knowledge of the ice thickness and ice reserves provides critical information for water resources management and regional glacial scientific research, it is also essential for several other fields of glaciology, including hydrological effect, regional climate modeling, and assessment of glacier hazards.
ZHANG Yinsheng
The data set contains the stable oxygen isotope data of ice core from 1864 to 2006. The ice core was obtained from Noijinkansang glacier in the south of Southern Tibetan Plateau, with a length of 55.1 meters. Oxygen isotopes were measured using a MAT-253 mass spectrometer (with an analytical precision of 0.05 ‰) at the Key Laboratory of CAS for Tibetan Environment and Land Surface Processes, China. Data collection location: Noijinkansang glacier (90.2 ° e, 29.04 ° n, altitude: 5950 m)
GAO Jing
Chinese Cryospheric Information System is a comprehensive information system for the management and analysis of Chinese cryospheric data. The establishment of Chinese Cryospheric Information System is to meet the needs of earth system science, and provide parameters and verification data for the development of response and feedback models of permafrost, glacier and snow cover to global changes under GIS framework. On the other hand, the system collates and rescues valuable cryospheric data to provide a scientific, efficient and safe management and analysis tool. Chinese Cryospheric Information System contains three basic databases of different research regions. The basic database of Urumqi river basin is one of three basic databases, which covers the Urumqi river basin in tianshan mountain, east longitude 86-89 °, and north latitude 42-45 °, mainly containing the following data: 1. Cryospheric data.Include: Distribution of glacier no. 1 and glacier no. 2; 2. Natural environment and resources.Include: Terrain digital elevation: elevation, slope, slope direction; Hydrology: current situation of water resource utilization;Surface water; Surface characteristics: vegetation type;Soil type;Land resource evaluation map;Land use status map; 3. Social and economic resources: a change map of human action; Please refer to the documents (in Chinese): "Chinese Cryospheric Information System design. Doc" and "Chinese Cryospheric Information System data dictionary. Doc".
LI Xin
Chinese Cryospheric Information System is a comprehensive information system for the management and analysis of Chinese Cryospheric data. The establishment of Chinese Cryospheric Information System is to meet the needs of earth system science, to provide parameters and validation data for the development of response and feedback model of frozen soil, glacier and snow cover to global change under GIS framework; on the other hand, it is to systemically sort out and rescue valuable cryospheric data, to provide a scientific, efficient and safe management and division for it Analysis tools. The basic datasets of the Tibet Plateau mainly takes the Tibetan Plateau as the research region, ranging from longitude 70 -- 105 ° east and latitude 20 -- 40 ° north, containing the following types of data: 1. Cryosphere data. Includes: Permafrost type (Frozengd), (Fromap); Snow depth distribution (Snowdpt) Quatgla (Quatgla) 2. Natural environment and resources. Includes: Terrain: elevation, elevation zoning, slope, slope direction (DEM); Hydrology: surface water (Stram_line), (Lake); Basic geology: Quatgeo, Hydrogeo; Surface properties: Vegetat; 4. Climate data: temperature, surface temperature, and precipitation. 3. Socio-economic resources (Stations) : distribution of meteorological Stations on the Tibetan Plateau and it surrounding areas. 4. Response model of plateau permafrost to global change (named "Fgmodel"): permafrost distribution data in 2009, 2049 and 2099 were projected. Please refer to the following documents (in Chinese): "Design of Chinese Cryospheric Information System.doc", "Datasheet of Chinese Cryospheric Information System.DOC", "Database of the Tibetan Plateau.DOC" and "Database of the Tibetan Plateau 2.DOC".
LI Xin
This glacial lake inventory is supported by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and the United Nations Environment Programme/Regional Resource Centre, Asia and The Pacific (UNEP/RRC-AP). 1. The glacial lake inventory incorporates topographic map data and reflects the status of glacial lakes in the region in 2000. 2. The spatial coverage of the glacial lake inventory is as follows: Pa Chu Sub-basin, Mo Chu Sub-basin, Thim Chu Sub-basin, Pho Chu Sub-basin, Mangde Chu Sub-basin, Chamkhar Chu Sub-basin, Kuri Chu Sub-basin, Dangme Chu Sub-basin, Northern Basin, etc. 3. The glacial lake inventory includes the following data fields: glacial lake code, glacial lake types, glacial lake orientation, glacial lake width, glacial lake area, glacial lake depth, glacial lake length, etc. 4. Data projection: Projection: Polyconic Ellipsoid: Everest (India 1956) Datum: Indian (India, Nepal) False easting: 2,743,196.4 False northing: 914,398.80 Central meridian: 90°0'00'' E Central parallel: 26°0'00'' N Scale factor: 0.998786 For a detailed description of the data, please refer to the data file and report.
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
This data set contains the wide swath mode Level 1B SAR data acquired over Greenland in 2005 by the ASAR sensor of the ENVISAT-1 satellite. The width is 400 km, the spatial resolution is 75 m, and the absolute positioning accuracy is approximately 200 m. The SAR data are stored in a time-growth order, which causes the images of the descending track to be left-right mirror images and the images of the ascending track to be up-down images. The naming scheme for these data is as follows: ASA_IMS_1PPIPA 20050402_095556_000000162036_00065_16151_0388.N1 ASA: Product identification, ASAR Sensor IMS: Reception and processing information of the data (imaging modes, such as WS, WSS, IM, ...) 1PPIPA: Customized number 20050402: Acquisition time of the data (UTC time) 095556: Geographic location (start, end) 000000162036: Information on the satellite orbit 00065: Product trust data 16151: Size and structure information of the product 0388 => Check code
HUI Fengming
There are three types of glacial lakes: supraglacial lakes, lakes attached to the end of the glacier and lakes not attached to the end of the glacier. Based on this classification, the following properties are studied: the variation in the number and area of glacial lakes in different basins in the Third Pole region, the changes in extent in terms of size and area, distance from glaciers, the differences in area changes between lakes with and without the supply of glacial melt water runoff, the characteristics of changes in the glacial lake area with respect to elevation, etc. Data source: Landsat TM/ETM+ 1990, 2000, 2010. The data were visually interpreted, which included checking and editing by comparing the original image with Google Earth images when the area was greater than 0.003 square kilometres. The data were applied to glacial lake changes and glacial lake outburst flood assessments in the Third Pole region. Data type: Vector data. Projected Coordinate System: Albers Conical Equal Area.
ZHANG Guoqing
The continuous advancement of SAR interferometry technology makes it possible to obtain multitemporal DEMs with high precision in the glacial area. In particular, in 2000, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) led by NASA provided DEM data covering the area from 56ºS to 60ºN; the TanDEM-X bistatic SAR interferometry system of DLR could provide the global DEM data with high resolution and precision. These high-quality, large-coverage SAR interferometry data, as well as published DEM data products, provided valuable information for using the multitemporal DEMs to detect changes in ice thickness. The temporal coverage of the ice thickness variation data of typical glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau was from 2000 to 2013, covering Puruogangri and the west Qilian Mountains with a spatial resolution of 30 meters. Using TanDEM-X bistatic InSAR data and a C-band SRTM DEM, the differential radar interferometry method was first used to generate a TanDEM-X DEM with high precision. Then, based on the precise registration of DEM, the DEM data obtained in different periods were compared. Lastly, the ice thickness changes were estimated. The format of the data set was GeoTIFF, and each typical glacier ice thickness change was stored in a folder. For details of the data, please refer to the Ice elevation changes for typical glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau - Data Description.
JIANG Liming
The compilation basis of frozen soil map includes: (1) frozen soil field survey, exploration and measurement data; (2) aerial photo and satellite image interpretation; (3) topo300 1km resolution ground elevation data; (4) temperature and ground temperature data. Among them, the distribution of permafrost in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau adopts the research results of nanzhuo Tong et al. (2002). Using the measured annual average ground temperature data of 76 boreholes along the Qinghai Tibet highway, regression statistical analysis is carried out to obtain the relationship between the annual average ground temperature and latitude, elevation, and based on this relationship, combined with the gtopo30 elevation data (developed under the leadership of the center for earth resources observation and science and technology, USGS) Global 1 km DEM data) to simulate the annual mean ground temperature distribution over the whole Tibetan Plateau. Taking the annual average ground temperature of 0.5 ℃ as the boundary between permafrost and seasonal permafrost, the boundary between discontinuous Permafrost on the plateau and island Permafrost on the plateau is delimited by referring to the map of ice and snow permafrost in China (1:4 million) (Shi Yafeng et al., 1988); in addition, the division map of Permafrost on the big and small Xing'an Mountains in the Northeast (Guo Dongxin et al., 1981), the distribution map of permafrost and underground ice around the Arctic (b According to rown et al. 1997) and the latest field survey data, the Permafrost Boundary in Northeast China has been revised; the Permafrost Boundary in Northwest mountains mostly uses the boundary defined in the map of ice and snow permafrost in China (1:4 million) (Shi Yafeng et al., 1988). According to the data, the area of permafrost in China is about 1.75 × 106km2, accounting for about 18.25% of China's territory. Among them, alpine permafrost is 0.29 × 106km2, accounting for about 3.03% of China's territory. For more information, please refer to the specification of "1:4 million map of glacial and frozen deserts in China" (Institute of environment and Engineering in cold and dry areas, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006)
WANG Tao
This data set comprises the observed runoff data of the glacial hydrological stations in the Namco Basin in Tibet from 2006 to 2008. It contains monthly mean runoff data from four regions: the Niyaqu river, Qugaqie river, Zhadang river, and Angqu river. The data were used to study the regional hydrology and water resources. Measurement instrument: propeller flow velocity meter (LS1206B), Hobo water level meter. Spatial location: Niyaqu, East Namco (the road near the lake outlet): 90.2969E, 31.0342N, elevation: 4730 m; Qugaqie, South Namco (road into the lake outlet): 90.6361E, 30.8175N, elevation: 4780 m; End of the Zhadang Glacier: 90.7261E, 30.6878N, elevation: 5400 m; Angqu (bridge near Deqing Town): 90.2839E, 30.6525N, elevation: 4780 m.
YAO Tandong
This is the flow data set observed in 2010 by the glacier hydrological station in the upper reaches of the Rongbu River on Mount Everest, Tibet. The measured section position is 28º22'03''N, 86º56'53' 'E, with an altitude of 4290 meters. It is measured by an LS20B propeller-type current meter by the one-point method. All the data were observed and collected in strict accordance with the Equipment Operating Specifications.
ZHANG Guoshuai
This data set contains observation data from glacier and hydrological stations in the Parlung Zangbo River Basin in southeastern Tibet. The data include measurements of the runoff from Parlung Glacier No. 4 and 24K Glacier. These monthly mean data therefore represent two different types of glaciers (debris-free and debris-covered glaciers). Observation instruments: Propeller Flow Velocity Meter (LS1206B), HOBO water level data logger. Parlung Glacier No. 4: Longitude: 96°55.19′; Latitude: 29°13.57′; Elevation: 4650 m. 24K Glacier: Longitude: 95°43.81′; Latitude: 29°45.41′; Elevation: 3800 m. The data contains two fields: Field 1: Date Field 2: Runoff, m³/s
YAO Tandong
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